Craniological materials of the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture of the forest-steppe Altai were studied. Using multidimensional statistical analysis, the main morphological components were identified and their numerical craniometric characteristics were obtained. One of the morphological components corresponds to the Andronovo variant of the proto-European anthropological type and represents an alien population, probably from the Kazakh steppes. The dolichocrane relatively narrow-faced Europoid morphological component is related in origin to the populations of the Preandronovian Bronze Age in the south of Western Siberia. Its largest share is recorded in the Andronovsky (Fedorovsky) groups of Rudny Altai, decreasing to the east and north. On the contrary, the proportion of the third morphological component, which is not numerous among the Andronovites of the forest-steppe Altai, with features of the West Siberian race, increases to the north, which connects it with the population of the subtaiga zone of Western Siberia.

Key words: craniology, Western Siberia, Bronze Age, Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture.

Introduction

The study of craniological materials is the most important method for studying ethnogenetic processes in ancient times. It is this method that makes it possible to identify the anthropological heterogeneity of the Andronovo population in the south of Western Siberia. However, researchers differ in their assessment of the morphological characteristics, taxonomic position, number, and origin of the main components identified.

The morphological structure of skulls from burials of the Advanced Bronze Age of the Middle Yenisei and Kazakhstan confirmed the conclusion of G. F. Debets [1948] about the widespread distribution of broad-faced Proto-European ("Cro-Magnon" in the broad sense)speakers in the Eurasian steppes in the Bronze Age an anthropological type. These materials became the basis for identifying a special Andronovo variant, which differs from other Caucasian series by a lower face, a slightly shorter and wider mesocrane skull, and a straighter forehead [Ibid.]. On the skulls of carriers of the Andronovo culture from the Or burial ground-

This work was supported by the Russian State Scientific Foundation, project No. 10-01-60103a / T "Population of the Altai region in the early and advanced Bronze Age according to paleoanthropology".

V. P. Alekseev, in addition to the peculiarities of the Andronovo typological variant, traced the Mongoloid admixture as a result of contacts between the West Siberian Andronovo people and the taiga population [1961].

V. A. Dremov's study of materials from the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture from a vast territory of the southern regions of the Upper Ob basin revealed morphological heterogeneity of the total Upper Ob series and the presence of a Mongoloid admixture concentrated on turtles from the zone of the Priobsky forests (1997). In addition, in addition to the typical Andronovo skulls, Caucasian skulls with a narrow dolichocranial brain box, a sloping forehead, and a narrow, taller and more sharply profiled face were recorded. This was explained by the participation of the Alakul population in the migration of the Andronovites (Fedorovites) to the Upper Ob region, which included a southern Europoid morphological component with features of the Mediterranean anthropological type (Dremov and Kozmin, 1993).

A significant anthropological heterogeneity of the carriers of the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture of the Barabinsk forest-steppe was revealed during the study of materials from the Preobrazhenka III burial ground. In the craniological series of this burial site, T. A. Chikisheva identified several sets of traits, including brachycranial low-faced Mongoloid, which prevails in women and is genetically related to the local pre-Iron population. Along with the skulls that have features of the proto-European type, a Europoid morphological complex is revealed, characterized by dolichocrania and a narrow, well-modeled face. Analogs of this complex were seen in the western areas of distribution of steppe cultures of the Bronze Age among the Andronovo population of Western Kazakhstan, whose physical appearance shows the Mediterranean racial type (Molodin and Chikisheva, 1988).

With the accumulation of materials studied by T. A. Chikisheva and D. V. Pozdnyakov [2003], it became possible to distinguish groups of skulls from the territory of the Kuznetsk Basin and Barabinsk forest-steppe from the total Andronovo series of the southern regions of the Upper Ob basin, in addition to the Upper Ob proper. According to researchers, the anthropological composition of the Andronovo (Fedorovsky) population of the West Siberian cultural area is based on three craniological types, one of which, presumably Mongoloid, is autochthonous; the other two are the Andronovo variant of the proto-European type and the maturized broad-faced dolichocrane (previously in the works of anthropologists [Ismagulov, 1963; Ginzburg and Trofimova, 1972] Also referred to as the Northern Europoid race, they are racially related to the Paleoeuropean proto - European race and represent an alien component associated with the center of culture formation (Chikisheva and Pozdnyakov, 2003).

Some differences in the definition of the anthropological composition of the Andronovo (Fedorovsky) population in the south of Western Siberia were revealed as a result of research using an intragroup analysis of the main components of craniological materials from the Firsovo XIV burial ground in the Barnaul Ob region (Solodovnikov, 2005a). One of the two main morphological components identified in men corresponds to the Andronovo proto-European variant. The other, called Mediterranean by its specific ratio of the main dimensions and proportions of the brain and facial regions, is distinguished by a long and narrow brain box, a medium-wide and more inclined forehead, and a rather narrow and high leptoprosopal face with its extremely sharp horizontal profiling. In Firsov's women's series XIV, these morphological components are mixed with each other and are not dissected by multivariate analysis, but a small component is revealed, which is associated with the weakening of Caucasian features. It is characterized by features of the West Siberian race, probably in the form of the Ob-Irtysh anthropological type [Bagashev, 2000; Essays on kulyurogenesis ..., 1998] and has a northern origin in relation to the territory of the forest-steppe Altai (Solodovnikov, 2005a).

Craniological materials from two Andronovo burial grounds in the upper reaches of the Aley River show morphological differences similar to those between the two main Europoid components of the Firsov XIV series. At the same time, skulls from the earlier Chekanovsky Log X burial site in the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture of Altai are close to the Mediterranean component, and from the later Chekanovsky Log II burial site - to the proto-European one, while simultaneously being characterized by a weakening of Europoid features in the facial structure (Solodovnikov, 2007).

Anthropological components in the composition of the Andronovo (Fedorovsky) population of the forest-steppe Altai and the study of their origin

The total craniological series of the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture of the forest-steppe Altai includes 113 skulls, most of which have been studied recently. The available materials, in addition to the series from the Firsovo XIV burial ground, are combined into

local groups that are quite clearly separated geographically from each other and from the synchronous series of the Barabinsk forest-steppe, the Tomsk Ob region, and the Kuznetsk Basin.

The Rudny Altai series consists of skulls from the Chekanovsky Log II and X burial grounds (Solodovnikov, 2007), Gilevo III and Novo-Alexandrovka burial grounds (Dremov, 1997) in the upper reaches of the Aley River, as well as craniological materials studied by K. N. Solodovnikov from the adjacent territory of the East Kazakhstan region from burials of advanced bronze from the Berezovsky and Marinka burial grounds (excavations A. A. Tkachev and N. A. Tkacheva in 1992-1994), located on the right bank of the upper Irtysh*. The total series of the Barnaul-Novosibirsk Ob region includes skulls studied by K. N. Solodovnikov from the burial grounds of Kalistratikha, Novoaltaysk I, Podturino (excavations in 1980-1982), Kiprino II and Bykovo II (random finds and excavations of different years by Yu. F. Kiryushin, E. M. Mednikova, V. A. Ryabtsev); those studied by V. A. Dremov [Materials from the Near Elbany XVI, Podturino (1979), and Eluninsky Gruntovy II burial sites in the Altai Territory, as well as skulls from Ordynsky I [Alekseev, 1961] and Katkov I [Chikisheva and Pozdnyakov, 2003] in the south of the Novosibirsk region.** The Prichumyshya series consists of skulls from the Steppe Chumysh and Kytmanovo burial sites [Dremov, 1997; Dremov and Kozmin, 1993].

The selected territorial groups, as well as the total series of Andronovites of the forest-steppe Altai, are largely morphologically heterogeneous (Table 1). Thus, in three of the four male local series, the variability of the cranial index is significantly increased, and in two - the vertical facio-cerebral index. Female groups are more homogeneous, but in two cases the variability of the forehead profile angle, upper face height, upper facial index, zygomaxillary angle is statistically significantly increased, and in three cases the variability of the simotic height is significantly increased. Generalized taxonomic Penrose distances (C_R²) in modification A. G. Kozintsev [1974], calculated for 21 features***, are generally small between the groups (Table 2). However, the most similar series are the Rudny Altai and Firsov XIV series, as well as the Barnaul-Novosibirsk Ob and Prichumysh regions. The first two differ from the latter in dolichocrania, a less broad and more sloping forehead, higher values of face height and related indicators, as well as more pronounced Caucasoid features in the structure of the facial region. The series of the Barnaul-Novosibirsk Ob and Prichumysh regions with a mesocrane brain box, a straight and wider forehead, and an absolutely and relatively low face correspond more closely to the Andronovo variant of the proto-European type than the other two. Taking into account new materials and excluding medieval skulls, the observation of V. A. Dremov [1997] about the concentration of Mongoloid features (or rather, the weakening of Europeoid features) in craniological series from burial grounds located in forest areas along the river is confirmed. Obi (see Table. 1), although the value of the generalized indicator of TCB (flatness of the facial skeleton according to the G. F. method). Debetz [1968]) in the total Priobskaya group and does not reach the values obtained earlier [Dremov, 1997].

Thus, the heterogeneity of the skull series of the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture of the forest-steppe Altai seems to be related to the presence of various morphological components and their different proportions in the composition of territorial-local groups. Based on this, an intra-group analysis of the main components was used to study skulls (19 male and 21 female) from burial grounds in the forest-steppe Altai, which were not included in the analysis when identifying morphological components in the Firsov XIV series, the sizes of female skulls were reduced to "male" using average coefficients of sexual dimorphism (Alekseev and Debets, 1964).. In exceptional cases, the values of some features that are missing from the skulls are replaced with the average values of the total series. The greatest positive loads on the first main component fall on the cranial index, the angle of the frontal bone profile, the width of the face and the base of the skull, the angles of horizontal profiling of the face; negative loads-on the height of the face, nose and orbits (Table 3). The second main component divides skulls that are characterized by a high braincase, broad forehead and skull base, large face, wide orbits, high nasal region, and skulls with the opposite combination of features on the scale of the values of the analyzed materials ' features.

In the space of the first and second principal components, two main quantitatively unequal populations are distinguished (Figure 1), which on average differ statistically significantly in many features. These include all latitudinal dimensions of the face and brain box, angles of the forehead profile, horizontal face profiling and nose protrusion, cranial and vertical fa-

* According to V. A. Mogilnikov (1998), the monuments of the upper reaches of the Aley River and the Upper Irtysh region form a special cultural community within the framework of the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture.

** It was previously noted (Solodovnikov, 2001, 2005a) that materials from the Ilinka (Dremov, 1997) and Zmeevka (Debets, 1948) burial grounds should be excluded from the Andronovo series of the forest-steppe Altai as they relate to the Middle Ages or have a controversial dating.

*** 1, 8, 17, 5, 9, 40, 45, 48, 54, 55, 51, 52, SS, SC, DS, DC, 32, 72, 77,  75 (1).

Table 1. Total series of skulls of the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture of the forest-steppe Altai and territorial-local groups

End of Table 1

Note. Signs with significantly (P < 0.05) increased variability are highlighted in bold, while those with significantly reduced variability are underlined.

Table 2. Generalized Penrose distances (C_R²) between male (above diagonal) and female (below diagonal) series of skulls of the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture from different regions and burial grounds of the forest-steppe Altai

Table 3. Factor loadings of the first two main components (GC I, II) - male and female (in terms of "male") skulls of the Andronovites (Fedorovites) of the forest-steppe Altai (without the Firsovo XIV series)

See Table 4. Significance of differences between morphological complexes as a part of the combined series of the Andronovskaya (Fedorovskaya) culture of the forest-steppe Altai (without the Firsov XIV series) according to some craniometric features

* P < 0,05.

** P < 0,01.

*** P < 0,001.

ciocerebral and upper facial indexes, height of the face, nose, and orbits (Table 4). The first, more numerous cluster consists mainly of materials from the Barnaul-Novosibirsk Ob and Prichumysh regions. It is characterized by the features of the Andronov variant of the proto-European type: a high mesocrane braincase with a broad, straight forehead, a broad, absolutely and relatively low, well-shaped face, wide and low, sharply hamecon-shaped orbits, a low, medium-wide nasal region, an absolutely and relatively high bridge of the nose, and a strongly protruding nose (Table 5). This cluster is different from analog-

Figure 1. Position of male and female (in terms of "male") skulls of Andronovo residents of the forest-steppe Altai (without Firsovo XIV) in the space of the first and second main components.

a - skulls from the Barnaul-Novo-Siberian Ob and Prichumysh regions; b-skulls from burial grounds on the territory of Rudny Altai.

See Table 5. Morphological components in the composition of the Andronovo (Fedorovsky) population of the forest-steppe Altai and comparative materials

End of Table 5

Note. ♂ + ♀ - total male and female (in terms of "male") skulls.

The main reason for this was a slight weakening of the Caucasoid features in the structure of the facial region. The value of the PSA of the "proto-Europeans" of the combined Andronovo group of the forest-Steppe Altai is within the values of "pure" Caucasians, but significantly higher than in the skulls of the" proto-European " Firsov XIV cluster: 17.6 versus-8.4. This is probably due to the admixture of a low-faced craniological type with softened Mongoloid features, which is clearly revealed, for example, in women from Firsov XIV.

The second cluster of the national team series is about 2 times smaller in quantity than the first one. It consists mainly of materials from Rudny Altai, about half of the skulls from burial grounds of which are included in this set (Fig. 1). According to the average data (Table. 5) the same morphological features appear as in the Mediterranean component of the Firsov XIV series: a long, narrow and high braincase, a medium-wide and rather sloping frontal bone, an average width and height of the face with a tendency to hypomorphy, its leptoprozopnost, orthognaticity and hyperclinognaticity, wide and medium-high orbits, average size and proportions of the nasal region (closer to leptorhinia), absolutely and relatively very high bridge of the nose and very strongly protruding nose. The skulls of this cluster differ from the "Mediterranean" ones of Firsov XIV only by a shorter and slightly wider brain box, which can be explained both by mixing with the proto-European Andronov type, and by random sampling. In general, the groups of skulls of the same name identified in the combined Andronovtsy series of the forest-steppe Altai and Firsov XIV series are very similar in terms of average values of features, and the dimensions of the angles of vertical profiling of the frontal bone and facial region are almost identical (Table 5). This is an indication of the representativeness of the typological groups obtained on the basis of the analysis of various samples of skulls and largely reflecting the morphological features of the original components.

Thus, most craniological materials are from burials of the Advanced Bronze Age

forest-steppe Altai shows the features of the Andronovo variant of the proto-European type. This craniotype is predominant in Andronovites (Fedorovites) Ob and Prichumysh regions. Another Caucasian complex of features was diagnosed as morphologically Mediterranean. Its greatest specific weight is recorded in groups of more southern and western regions - from the territory of Rudny Altai and from the Firsovo XIV burial ground, where it reaches half. The third, quantitatively insignificant component, which is detected mainly in women and sometimes in a mixed form, shows softened Mongoloid features, and is characterized by features that allow it to be attributed to the Ob-Irtysh anthropological type of the West Siberian race. The largest share of this component can be traced in Andronovo (Fedorov)residents In the Barnaul-Novosibirsk Ob region, and in chronological terms, judging by the materials from the upper reaches of the Aley River, its specific weight increases in the later Andronovo groups.

To find out the origin of the selected morphological components, an intergroup statistical analysis was performed. The following craniological materials were used:

1) the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture of the Kuznetsk Basin (Dremov, 1997; Chikisheva and Pozdnyakov, 2003), the Middle Yenisei (Dremov, 1997), the Baraba forest-steppe (Dremov, 1973; Chikisheva and Pozdnyakov, 2003), and Northern, Central, and Eastern Kazakhstan (abbreviated as Northeastern) (Debets, 1948; Ginzburg, 1952, 1956, 1963; Ismagulov, 1963]. Materials that do not belong to the Advanced Bronze Age or have an indeterminate date are excluded from the last series. Most of the remaining burials come from the Fyodorov culture (Solodovnikov, 2001, 2005a) (Table 6).*;

2) the Alakul culture of the Omsk Irtysh region from the Ermak IV burial ground (Dremov, 1997) and the total series of Western Kazakhstan (Alekseev, 1967). Missing features in the last paper (tab. 6) are summarized according to individual data from primary sources, the main list of which is given in the article by V. P. Alekseev [Ibid.];

3) the Afanasiev culture of the Gorny Altai (Solodovnikov, 2006) and the Middle Yenisei (Solodovnikov, 20056, Table 5);

4) Advanced Bronze Age epochs of the Subtaiga zone of Western Siberia from the Yelovka II** burial grounds in the Tomsk Ob region, Sopka II in the Barabinsk forest-steppe, and Cherno-ozerye I in the Middle Irtysh region (Dremov, 1997);

5) Elunin culture (Solodovnikov, 2006);

6) Samus time in the eastern regions of the Upper Ob region (Dremov, 1997; Solodovnikov, 2005a)***;

7) Ancient agricultural cultures of southern Central Asia from Altyn-Depe (Kiyatkina, 1987), Sapallitepe and Dzharkutan (Alekseev and Gokhman, 1984);

8) Tazabagyab culture of the Aral Sea region from the Kokcha III burial ground (Yablonsky, 1986);

9) log culture of the Lower Volga region (Alekseev and Gokhman, 1984);

10) cultures of polyvalic ceramics and log cabins from the territory of Ukraine (Krutz, 1984);

11) the Sintashta culture from the Potapovsky burial ground in the Middle Volga region (Yablonsky and Khokhlov, 1994). Skulls originating from the burials of the ancient Yamnaya and Poltavka cultures are excluded [Ancient Indo-Iranian cultures..., 1995; Otroshchenko, 1998];

12) the Bronze Age from the territory of the Caucasus from the burial grounds of Ginchi, Samtavro, Lchashen, Sevan (Alekseev, 1974).

Local series of male skulls of the Andronovo culture of the forest-steppe Altai, based on the results of multidimensional scaling and clustering by the method of complete connections of Penrose distances "by shape" against the background of comparative materials, are included in different aggregates (Figs. 2, 3). One of them is formed by groups of the Advanced Bronze Age of the Subtaiga zone of Western Siberia, which have a significant share of the Mongoloid component: from Sopka II, Chernoozero region I and Yelovsky II burial ground. Here, due to the presence of a Mongoloid admixture, the Elunin culture series and the Andronovskaya series of the Baraba forest-steppe are included. Most of all, they differ from this "Western-

* It was found that skulls with individual Mongoloid elements (Mointy, Arkalyk, Kanai) (Ginzburg and Trofimova, 1972), as well as features of the "northern" Europoid type (inlet burial in ogr. 7 of the Kanattas burial ground) were observed [Ismagulov, 1963], are not related to the Andronovo culture and date back to a later time (Solodovnikov, 2001).

** A series from the Yelovka II burial ground of the Andronovo period (tab. 6) was obtained after recalculating the data of V. A. Dremov [1997], taking into account the correction of the dates of some burials [Matyushchenko, 2004], and also includes single skulls from mixed Andronovo-Elovo graves.

*** The measurements of pre-Iron bronze skulls published by V. A. Dremov [1997], with the exception of the Elunin culture materials from the territory of the forest-steppe Altai, are summarized in a small series corresponding geographically to the eastern regions of the Upper Ob basin. Most of the graves with skulls included in it are attributed by the authors of the excavations to the Samus culture (Zarechnoye I and Yelovka II) [Zakh, 1997; Matyushchenko, 2002] or dated to the Samus-Okunev period (Tretyakov II) [Bobrov, 2003]. However, according to Yu. F. Kiryushin, attributing these complexes to the Samus culture proper is problematic.

Table 6. Total territorial series of skulls of the Andronovo cultural and historical community

End of Table 6

2. Results of multidimensional scaling and clustering of generalized Penrose distances between local series of male skulls of the Andronovo culture of the forest-steppe Altai and comparative materials.

1-10 - Andronovo culture: 1-Rudny Altai, 2-Firsovo XIV, 3 - Barnaul-Novosibirsk Priobye, 4-Prichumyshye, 5-Kuznetsk basin, 6-Middle Yenisei, 7-Barabinsk forest-steppe, 8-Ermak IV, Omsk Priirtyshye, 9-North-East Kazakhstan, 10-West Kazakhstan; 11 - Afanasyev culture Gorny Altai; 12 - Afanasyevskaya culture of the middle Yenisei; 13-Elovka II, Andronovo time; 14-Chernoozerye I, Andronoid culture; 15-Sopka II, Krotovskaya culture; 16 - Eluninskaya culture; 17-eastern regions of the Upper Ob region, Samus time; 18-Altyn-Depe; 19-Sapallitepe; 20 - Dzharkutan; 21 - Kokcha III, Tazabagyab culture; 22-log culture of the Lower Volga region; 23-log culture of Ukraine; 24-multi-stone ceramics culture of Ukraine; 25-Potapovka I, Sintashta culture; 26 - Ginchi; 27 - Samtavro; 28-Lchashen; 29-Sevan.

- a-Andronovo community; b - population of the Caucasus and southern Central Asia; c-other groups.

3. Results of clustering generalized Penrose distances between local series of male skulls of the Andronovo culture of the forest-steppe Altai and comparative materials. Serial numbers in accordance with Figure 2.

Siberian " cluster groups from the Caucasus and southern Central Asia, as well as a series of multi-roller ceramics culture. The morphological basis of the population that they make up is a dolichocranial, relatively narrow-faced Caucasian anthropological type, usually referred to as the Mediterranean type. The other two clusters are less morphologically distinct from each other. One of them consists of a series of skulls of the Andronovites (Fedorovites) features of the Andronovo proto-European variant: Middle Yenisei, Kuznetsk basin, North-Eastern Kazakhstan, total Barnaul-Novosibirsk Ob and Prichumysh region. This includes the craniological series from the Ermak IV burial ground, which is dominated by Alakul cultural elements. The presence of a small Mongoloid admixture in all these groups cannot be ruled out, but its possible modeling influence should be recognized as generally insignificant in comparison with the population of the developed Bronze Age of the subtaiga zone of Western Siberia. Another cluster is formed by Europoid series without traces of Mongoloid admixture with a dolichocranial brain box and a medium-wide or broad face: Afanasyev, Srubnaya, and Tazabagyab cultures, Alakul cultures of Western Kazakhstan, and Sintashta cultures from Potapovka. In addition to the proto-European ones, various dolichocrane narrow-faced Europoid morphological complexes can be traced or assumed to be present in their composition. This should also explain the location of the Andronovite series of Rudny Altai and Firsov XIV in this cluster, which occupies an intermediate position in the field of multidimensional scaling between the "Proto-European" Andronovite and "Mediterranean" ones (see Figure 2).

The results of the analysis of the female series are similar to those of the male series (Figs. 4, 5). However, there are some differences: the" West Siberian "cluster includes skulls of the Samus period from the eastern regions of the Upper Ob region, while the "Mediterranean" cluster does not include materials from the polyvalic ceramics culture. The remaining two groups of series in the field of multidimensional scaling are not differentiated as clearly as in the male groups, and are combined into one "intermediate" set. Nevertheless, the Andronovites of the Barnaul-Novosibirsk Ob and Prichumysh regions tend to belong to the lowest-broad-faced groups - the Sintashta and Tazabagyab cultures, the Andronovo cultures of North-Eastern Kazakhstan; and the Ore

4. Results of multidimensional scaling and clustering of generalized Penrose distances between local series of female skulls of the Andronovo culture of the forest-steppe Altai and comparative materials.

See Figure 2 for additional information.

5. Results of clustering generalized Penrose distances between local series of female skulls of the Andronovo culture of the forest-steppe Altai and comparative materials. Serial numbers in accordance with Figure 2.

6. Results of multidimensional scaling and clustering of generalized Penrose distances between morphological components of the Andronovo male groups of the forest-steppe Altai and comparative series.

1-10 - Andronovo culture: 1 - "proto-European" cluster of the combined series of the forest-steppe Altai, 2 - "Mediterranean" cluster of the combined series of the forest-steppe Altai, 3 - "proto-European" cluster of Firsov XIV, 4 - "Mediterranean" cluster of Firsov XIV, 5-Kuznetsk basin, 6-Middle Yenisei, 7-Barabinsk forest-steppe, 8-Ermak IV, Omsk Irtysh region, 9-North-Eastern Kazakhstan, 10-Western Kazakhstan; 11, 12-Afanasiev culture of Gorny Altai: 11 - hypermor - phic craniological type, 12-moderately hypomorphic; 13-Elovka II, Andronovo time; 14-Chernoozerye I, andronoid culture; 15-Sopka II, Krotovskaya culture; 16 - Elunin culture; 17 - eastern regions of the Upper Ob region, Samus time; 18 - Kara-Depe; 19 - Geoxyur; 20 - Altyn-Depe; 21 - Sapallitepe; 22-Dzharkutan; 23 - Kokcha III, Tazabagyab culture; 24-log culture of the Lower Volga region; 25-log culture of Ukraine; 26 - culture of polyvalic ceramics of Ukraine; 27 - Potapovka I, Sintashta culture; 28 - Ginchi; 29 - Samtavro; 30 - Lchashen; 31-Sevan.

- a-Andronovo community; b - population of the Caucasus and southern Central Asia; c-other groups.

7. Results of clustering generalized Penrose distances between morphological components of the Andronovo male series of the forest-steppe Altai and comparative groups. Serial numbers in accordance with Figure 6.

Altai and Firsov XIV are combined with the srubnaya culture and Alakul culture series of Western Kazakhstan.

For comparison with the typological groups of skulls of the Andronovites (Fedorovites) of the forest-steppe Altai, when analyzing the male series, instead of the total Gorno-Altaian Afanasyev group, we used groups representing hyper-morphic and moderately hypomorphic morphological components in the Afanasyevites of the Gorny Altai (Solodovnikov, 20056). Materials from Kara-Depe and Geoxyur were added (Ginzburg and Trofimova, 1972).

In the analysis of male groups, along with the "West Siberian" cluster, the aggregate that forms the majority of territorial samples of the Andronovo cultural community is distinguished: the Kuznetsk Basin, the Middle Yenisei, the Omsk Irtysh region and North-Eastern Kazakhstan, as well as the skulls of the "proto-European" clusters of the Altai Andronovo series and Firsov XIV, the Sintashtin culture from the Potapovsky burial ground and the hypermorphic 6, 7). It is obvious that the morphological basis in this case is belonging to the proto-European anthropological type. The third large assemblage formed in this set of groups consists of dolichocrane Europoid series with a narrow or medium-wide face, including both "Mediterranean" clusters of Andronovites in the forest-steppe Altai.

The results of the canonical analysis (using the author's program of Yu. K. Chistov, version of 1994), carried out when summing up the series representing the Proto-European and Mediterranean morphological components of the population of the Advanced Bronze Age of the forest-steppe Altai, show similar results (Table 7, Figure 8). The differences consist in the deviation of the first and second canonical vectors of the Kuznetsk Andronovites in the field (fedorovtsev) from the Andronovo " proto-European "cluster with a simultaneous approach to the "West Siberian" one; in the combination of the Elunin and male skulls from burials associated with the Samus culture; and also in the greatest attraction to the latter, of all the groups included in the dolichocrane cluster of relatively narrow-faced Caucasians, namely the combined series of the Mediterranean morphological component of the Andronovites (Fedorovites) of the forest-steppe Altai.

When analyzing the female series with the participation of morphological components identified in the materials of Firsov XIV, groups from the West Siberian plain with a Mongoloid component of local origin are most clearly distinguished (Fig. 9-11). This group also includes skulls of the "West Siberian" Firsov XIV cluster, in the largest part

Table 7. Elements of the first two canonical vectors (KB I, II) for 29 men's and 26 women's Eneolithic - Bronze series

8. Position of morphological components of the Andronovo male groups of the forest-steppe Altai and comparative series in the space of the first and second canonical vectors (KV I, II).

1 - the "proto-European" clusters of the Firsov XIV series and the southern Forest-Steppe Altai series in total; 2 - the "Mediterranean" clusters of the same series in total; see Fig.

9. Results of multidimensional scaling and clustering of generalized Penrose distances between morphological components of the female series from the Firsovo XIV burial ground and comparative groups.

1-8 - Andronovo culture: 1 - "Europoid" Firsov XIV cluster; 2 - "West Siberian" Firsov XIV cluster; 3-Kuznetsk basin; 4 - middle Yenisei; 5-Barabinsk forest-steppe; 6-Ermak IV, Omsk Irtysh region; 7-North-Eastern Kazakhstan, 8-Western Kazakhstan; 9-Yelovka II, Andronovo time; 10-Chernoozerye I, Andronoid culture; 11-Sopka II, Krotovskaya culture; 12 - Eluninskaya culture; 13-eastern regions of the Upper Ob region, Samus time; 14 - Kara-Depe; 15 - Geoxyur; 16 - Altyn-Depe; 17 - Sapallitepe; 18 - Dzharkutan; 19 - Kokcha III, Tazabagyab culture; 20-log cabin culture of the Lower Volga region; 21 - log cabin culture of Ukraine; 22 - polyvalic ceramics culture of Ukraine; 23 - Po-tapovka I, Sintashta culture; 24 - Ginchi; 25 - Samtavro; 26-Lchashen.

- a-Andronovo community; b - population of the Caucasus and southern Central Asia; c-other groups.

10. Results of clustering generalized Penrose distances between morphological components of the female series from the Firsovo XIV burial ground and comparative groups. Serial numbers in accordance with Figure 9.

11. Position of morphological components of the female series from the Firsovo XIV burial ground and comparative groups in the space of the first and second canonical vectors (KV I, II). See Figure 9 for additional information.

degrees that are close to the Andronovo time series from Yelovka II, the Krotovo culture from Sopka II, and the Samus time series from the eastern regions of the Upper Ob region, and especially to the skulls of the Andronovo people from the Barabinsk forest-steppe. Another heterogeneous and extensive set is formed by the Caucasoid series. The skulls of the" Europoid "Firsov XIV cluster generally occupy an intermediate position between the "Mediterranean" and "Proto-European" series (see Figures 9, 11), which reflects its formation on the basis of a mixture of the main components identified in the combined series of the forest-steppe Altai and the male one from the Firsovo XIV burial ground [Solodovnikov, 2005a].

Thus, the results of statistical analysis confirm that the main anthropological components of the carriers of the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture of Altai belong to different Europoid morphogenetic strata - Proto-European and Mediterranean, as well as the presence of similar components in the population of the Early and advanced Bronze Age of various regions of the south of Western Siberia.

Discussion of the results

As for the origin of the selected components, the connection of the Andronovo variant of the proto-European type with the spread of the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture is the least controversial. Apparently, they were formed on the same territory. Since "a decrease in the vertical size of the face when compared with other groups excludes the possibility of a mestizo origin of the group" [Bunak, 1980], the sharp morphological specialization of the Andronovsky variant in terms of face height confirms the point of view that its appearance is not the result of mixing, but isolation of morphological features with subsequent widespread settlement [Alekseev, 1961]. Sharing in general the hypothesis about the formation of the morphological complex of the Andronovo variant of the Proto-European type on the territory of Kazakhstan in the pre-Andronovo period [Ibid.], we note that the actual data for its confirmation are currently insufficient.

Features of the Proto-European type were traced on craniological materials of the Neolithic-Eneolithic period from East Kazakhstan - a male skull from border 2 at the Ust-Narym multi-layered settlement in East Kazakhstan region and a female skull from the Neolithic burial site with Catherine-type ceramics near Zhelezinka in Pavlodar region. Currently, it is assumed that the burial site in Ust-Narym is attributed to Afanasyev (Merts, 2007), which is no more than 150 km away from the nearest Gorno-Altaisk burial ground of this culture, and the distance to the Afanasyev burial ground Chernovaya II in the same East Kazakhstan region is even shorter (Orazbayev and Omarov, 1998). It is with the skull from the mounds. 2 Chernovoi II (Ismagulova, 1989) morphologically, the Ust-Narym find (Ginzburg, 1956) is very similar. Judging from the structure of the preserved facial part, the skull made of iron (Ginzburg, 1963; Ginzburg and Trofimova, 1972) is characterized by a narrow forehead, a broad, medium-high, medium-flattened face, rather high orbits and nasal region, a high bridge of the nose, and a moderately large angle of protrusion of the nasal bones. According to these features, it is more similar, for example, to the male skull from the Neolithic burial site of Shiderty III in the Pavlodar region (Yablonsky, 2002) than to the Andronovo or Afanasyev skulls.

Craniological materials from the territory of Kazakhstan dating back to the Bronze Age were used by researchers to explain the presence of the West Siberian Andronovites (Fedorovites) the Mediterranean morphological component. Earlier, one of the authors shared the opinion about the participation of native Alakuls in the migration to the south of Western Siberia (Solodovnikov, 1997). This point of view is definitely confirmed by the presence of certain Alakul cultural elements (or considered as such) in materials from the territory of the foothill-plain Altai and, more broadly, the West Siberian area of the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture (Demin and Sitnikov, 2007; Kiryushin, 1986; Kiryushin, Papin, Pozdnyakova, Shamshin, 2004; Sotnikova, 2004). 1988,

2006; et al.]. However, the presence in some groups of Andronovites (Fedorovites) of the forest-steppe Altai of up to half of individuals with morphological features of the Mediterranean type, in the absence of any numerous and significant Alakul cultural features in ceramics and funerary rites, prevents their identification with Alakulites. It is known that the funerary rite and ceramics are the most significant cultural diagnostic features when identifying types of monuments in the Andronovo community [Kuzmina, 1994, pp. 37-38].

One of the authors proposed a hypothesis of a genetic connection between the Mediterranean morphological component and the pre-Iron Age Bronze Age population of the Foothill-plain Altai (Solodovnikov, 2005a). A simple anthropological comparison can give certain results here. Thus, the male series of the Yelunin culture differs from the" Mediterranean " of Firsov XIV only by a small Mongoloid admixture (see Table. 5), the source of which is the female part of the population (Solodovnikov, 2006), and bright Europoid skulls from burials associated with the Samus culture, the greatest similarity of all the groups involved for comparison is found with the skulls of the "Mediterranean" cluster of the Andronov group of the forest-steppe Altai. Judging by the average data, the same moderately large longitudinal dimensions of the high dolichocranial braincase are combined with a rather narrow and sloping forehead, and there are largely identical dimensions of the facial region and similar angles of its vertical and horizontal profiling (see Table 5). Of course, this does not indicate a direct genetic connection of one of the morphological components of the Altai Andronovites (Fedorovites) with the carriers of the Samus culture, but it confirms the possibility of the participation of populations of the previous time in the south of Western Siberia in their racial genesis. Hypothetical population groups included in the Andronovsky (Fedorovsky) region of the foothill-plain Altai should have been characterized by the absence or minimal level of Mongoloid admixture. Based on the revealed trend of decreasing Mongoloidness among the Elunin people from north to south [Ibid.], the localization of such groups can be assumed in the south and southwest of the Elunin culture area and, possibly, in even more southern areas. This is confirmed by the results of paleoDNA analysis of human remains from the Aina-Bulak I burial ground synchronous with Eluninsky in Eastern Kazakhstan, indicating that the buried individuals "belonged to an ethnic group of European origin" (Kulikov, Kiryushin, Seregin et al., 2005).

The population of various pre-Iron Age cultural formations of Southern and southern Western Siberia is united by an alien Caucasian component, which is recorded mainly in male groups (Solodovnikov, 2006). Its morphological "core" was the hypermorphic Old Mediterranean type, which is most clearly revealed in the territory of Southern Siberia in the carriers of Okunev-type cultures of Gorny Altai and Tuva. A similar Caucasian component, possibly characterized by a slightly smaller face width, was present in the composition of Elunin and Krotovtsy and is represented by male skulls from burials attributed to the Samus culture. The appearance of these craniologically somewhat different Caucasoid variants is associated with a single migration flow, presumably from the Caucasus regions. Thus, most morphological analogues of the Europoid component of the Okunev - type carriers of the Gorny Altai and Tuva cultures, as well as the Elunin culture, are found in craniological materials of the Eneolithic-Bronze Age of Transcaucasia. North of the Caucasian Ridge, the morphological features of a series from the Early Tulkhara burial ground, which serves as a kind of" standard " of the hypermorphic Mediterranean type, are repeated on the skulls of the Novosvobodnenskaya culture [Ibid.]. In this connection, attention is drawn to the culturally significant Caucasian parallels to metal objects of the Elunin culture: lead earrings, a fragment of a bronze knife-dagger from the Berezovaya Luka settlement, similar to the culturally specific products of the Maikop metal complex [Kiryushin, Maloletko, Tishkin, 2005], which became part of the Novosvobodnenskaya culture [Safronov, 1989, p. 254], and etc.

Series "Mediterranean" in the composition of andronovtsy (fedorovtsy) They are more similar to the series, which in the most" pure " form show the morphological features of the dominant Caucasian component of the population of the Samus-Seiminsky period in Southern and southern Western Siberia, than to the craniological materials of the Alakul culture. Based on the results of multidimensional scaling and clustering of Penrose distances of some Eneolithic-Bronze series, which mainly represent the most massive variants of the Mediterranean type or have a significant share of it, two main clusters are distinguished. One is formed by the Alakul groups of Western Kazakhstan and the Tazabagyab group isolated by V. A. Dremov (1997) from materials of the Andronovo time from the territory of Central and Northern Kazakhstan, morphologically close to them, and the series of southern Central Asia (Figs. 12, 13). Another cluster includes "Mediterranean" morphological features.

12. Results of multidimensional scaling and clustering of generalized Penrose distances between the series of the "Mediterranean" morphological component of the Andronovo culture of the forest-steppe Altai and some comparative Eneolithic-Bronze Age groups.

1 - "Mediterranean" cluster of the combined series of the forest-steppe Altai; 2 - "Mediterranean" cluster of Firsov XIV; 3-Aymyrlyg; 4-Early Tulkhar; 5-Parkhai II, SWT periods V and VI, Late Eneolithic and Early Bronze (summarized according to A.V. Gromov [2004]); 6-Kara- Depe; 7-Geoxyur; 8-Jarkutan; 9 - Kokcha III, Tazabagyab culture; 10-Alakul culture of Northern and Central Kazakhstan (total); 11-Alakul culture of Western Kazakhstan (total); 12-Khryashchevka, log culture; 13-early log culture of the Samara Volga region (total); 14 - novosvobodnenskaya culture (total); 15 - Lchashen; 16-Sevan.

13. Results of clustering generalized Penrose distances between the series of the "Mediterranean" morphological component of the Andronovo culture of the forest-steppe Altai and some comparative groups of the Eneolithic-Bronze Age. Serial numbers in accordance with Figure 12.

groups of Andronovites (Fedorovites) of the forest-steppe Altai, Bronze Age series from Transcaucasia (Lchashen, Sevan), as well as from the Early Tulkhar burial grounds in southern Tajikistan (Kiyatkina, 1968), Aimyrlyg in Tuva (Gokhman, 1980), and skulls of the Novosvobodnenskaya culture (summarized according to A.V. Shevchenko (1986)). Quite unexpectedly, this group also includes groups from the eastern part of the area of the log cultural and historical community that have the largest share of the Mediterranean morphological component: from the Khryashchevka burial ground in the Middle Volga region [Ibid.] and early log houses of the Samara Volga region [Khokhlov, 1998, 2003]. The width of the face in these series is close to small values, while other features of the hypermorphic Mediterranean type are preserved. But regardless of the solution of the question of its morphological content and taxonomy, the results of statistical analysis indicate a morphogenetic continuity of the Mediterranean component in the composition of the Andronovites (Fedorovites) of the forest-steppe Altai with the pre-Andronov population of Southern and southern Western Siberia, and not with the Alakul population of Kazakhstan.

It is impossible to exclude the genetic connection of the Mediterranean morphological complex of the Altai populations of the Advanced Bronze Age with representatives of not only the Elunin culture, but also other related cultural formations united by a common Caucasian component. Since anthropological data have an indisputable advantage over all others in terms of establishing the scale and direction of migrations, specific movements of human collectives [Alekseev, 1979; Gerasimova, 2004; et al.], an anthropological study of the Chemurchek cultural phenomenon seems very promising [Kovalev, 2007], in addition to which the migration component of distant Western origin played a decisive role. Based on the presence of Elunin ceramics in some Chemurchek burials (including the Aina-Bulak I burial ground), as well as the probable Chemurchek origin of lead temporal rings from Elunin monuments, it is assumed that the formation of a multicomponent Elunin culture with the participation of the Chemurchek population occurred on the territory of Eastern Kazakhstan and Dzungaria. The Chemurchek phenomenon also appears to play a significant role in the composition of the Neva-type Oku cultures [Ibid.; Kovalev, Erdenebaatar, Zaitseva, and Burova, 2008].

According to A. G. Kozintsev (2008), in the Eurasian migrations of Bronze Age Caucasians to the east, light-pigmented people of Middle and Northern European origin, i.e. representatives of the northern branch of the Caucasian race, played no less a role than proto-Europeans, and a more significant one,

than southern Caucasians. Agreeing with this in general, we note that for the territory of Southern Siberia, this conclusion is most valid for the Afanasyev culture. At the same time, one should not completely deny the participation of dark-pigmented Caucasians in migrations from the west and south, since craniological criteria for separating the southern and northern branches of the Caucasian race are poorly developed. The dolichocrane, relatively narrow-faced Caucasian type in the Andronovo (Fedorovsky) population of the forest-steppe Altai is morphologically most similar to one of the variants of the Mediterranean race, the genesis of which can be traced in Transcaucasia in the Eneolithic (Shengavit), the Bronze Age (Lchashen, Sevan, Artik, Nerkin Getashen), the late II - early I millennium BC. (Tsamakaberd, Noraduz, Mrtbi-Dzor), Early Iron Age (Mingechaur, VII-V centuries BC) and at least up to ancient times (women's series I-II centuries AD from Garni). Therefore, the statement that "there is no reason to consider any ancient groups from the territory of Southern Siberia and Kazakhstan as Southern Europoid (Mediterranean)" [Ibid., p. 140] seems to be least relevant to the Altai Andronovites (Fedorovites). Odontological data also indicate the presence of a southern Caucasoid component in their composition (Tur, 2009).

Thus, the results of the study of paleoanthropological materials correspond to the concept of one of the authors about the nature of relations between the Andronovites (Fedorovites) and the previous Elunin population (Kiryushin, 1986, 2002), and allow us to supplement and detail it. It turns out that the degree of participation of local groups in the formation of the population of the Advanced Bronze Age of the Altai forest-steppe was significant, but different for different regions. The greatest contribution to the composition of the Altai Andronovites (Fyodorovites) seems to have been made by representatives of the Samus-Seiminsky cultural formations of Rudny Altai, whose archaeological sites belong to the classical Elunin, i.e. more "pure" than others (Kiryushin, 2002), and probably lived even further south. It is possible that not only and not so much the Elunin people, but also the descendants of the Chemurchek population are a component that brought Mediterranean morphological features to the environment of the Andronovo (Fedorovsky) tribes of the south of Western Siberia. The process of assimilation was accompanied by the displacement of a part of the descendants of the pre-Andronovo population to the territory of the Upper Ob region by the migration flow, which reflects the chain nature of the Andronovo migration. Probably, this also explains the presence of Mediterranean features in the craniological materials of the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture of the Kuznetsk Basin and Baraba forest-steppe. However, even in these territories, the dolichocrane narrow-faced Caucasian type may be genetically related to groups of the local pre-Andron population.

The available materials do not reveal the local Mongoloid component of the high-faced type in the population of the Advanced Bronze Age of the forest-steppe Altai. Probably, the Elunin groups living in the Ob region, where it is most noticeable, did not become part of the Andronovo (Fedorovsky) collectives in this territory and ceased to exist or were displaced to other areas. It is also possible that they were involved in the formation of the Krotovo culture. The latter inherited many features of the Elunin culture, but existed several centuries later, largely synchronously with the Andronovo culture of the Baraba forest-steppe (the main mass of which is localized in the more southern regions of Western Siberia), actively interacting with it and experiencing a strong influence. The formation of the Krotovo culture is associated with the interaction of the Elunin groups displaced by the Andronovites (Fedorovites), who moved to the more northern and western regions of the Barabinsk forest-steppe and the Irtysh region, with the carriers of the local Stepanov culture (Kiryushin, 2002; Kiryushin and Grushin, 2001).

It is with synchronous and earlier populations of the subtaiga zone of Western Siberia that the West Siberian anthropological component of the Altai Andronovites (Fedorovites) is most similar. The closest morphological and at the same time cultural analogies of the "West Siberian" Firsov XIV cluster are found in the materials of the Andronovo Preobrazhenka III burial ground in the Barabinsk forest-steppe*. Common features of these skulls are the small length of the broad, moderately brachycranial and medium-high braincase, the wide, low and relatively low facial region, the tendency to prognathize with it (especially in the alveolar part), the noticeable weakening of the horizontal facial profiling, the wide hamecon orbits, the small angle of the nose protrusion, and the high bridge of the nose (see Table 5). The Mongoloid component identified in the series from the Yelovka II burial ground of the Andronovo period, as well as found in the Krotovites from Sopka II and the andronoid population of Chernoozero I (Dremov, 1997), is characterized by the same or similar features. Similar racial traits are recorded on a female skull from the Stepanovsky burial ground in Vasyuganye [Ibid.]. Presented in the Andronovo craniological materials of Altai, this mor-

* Summarized according to individual data (Molodin and Chikisheva, 1988).

In comparison with the ancient, medieval, and modern populations of the more northern regions (Bagashev, 2001), the phological complex is characterized by a certain increase in Caucasoid traits, which is evenly distributed over all the features that make up the CPS indicator. In the Early Bronze Age, such a combination of features is not recorded on the territory of the forest-steppe Altai, but in the previous epoch, the characteristic features of the West Siberian morphological component were expressed on some Neolithic skulls from the Ordynskoe I burial ground [Alekseev, 1961]. V. P. Alekseev, based on the structure of skulls of the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture from this burial ground, pointed out the connections between andronovtsev with the Taiga Mongoloids [Ibid.]. However, this northern direction of racial-genetic relations is not yet reflected in archaeological materials. Probably, it was carried out in a culturally homogeneous environment already within the framework of the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture through, as suggested by V. A. Dremov [1997], one-sided marital relations. Thus, the reverse wave of interaction between the population of the forest-steppe Altai and the more northern territories of Western Siberia is recorded. It may have been centered on the Barabinsk Andronovites (Fyodorovites), who on average belong to mestizo groups that form the northern subtaiga anthropological zone identified by V. A. Dremov for the Advanced Bronze Age of southern Western Siberia, in contrast to the southern forest-steppe zone, which is made up of Andronovites [Ibid.].

Conclusion

The results of the discussion of the origin of the anthropological components of the Andronovo (Fedorovskaya) culture in the south of Western Siberia, primarily based on the analysis of materials from the forest-steppe Altai, are as follows.

1. The Andronovo variant of the Proto-European type, which prevails in the West Siberian cultural area, represents the alien population. Its appearance is the result of the settlement in these areas of carriers of Andronovo (Fedorovsky) cultural traditions, and its genetic origins were located to the west, most likely on the territory of Kazakhstan.

2. The dolichocrane relatively narrow-faced Europoid morphological component is associated by origin with the Samus-Seimin time population groups, presumably in the south and south-west of the Elunin archaeological culture area-Rudny Altai and, possibly, even more southern regions. Its largest share in the territory of Western Siberia is recorded among the Andronovites (Fedorovites) of the Southwestern Altai, decreasing quite sharply to the east and north. The presence of the Mediterranean component in the population of the Kuznetsk Basin and Baraba forest-steppe is probably explained by the chain character of the Andronovo migration from west to east.

Groups of the pre-Andronovo population of the Bronze Age of the forest-steppe Altai, which had a significant Mongoloid component of local origin, were not included in the Andronovo collectives and were displaced to other areas or ceased to exist.

3.A small number of Andronovites (Fedorovites) of the forest-steppe Altai with craniological features of the Ob-Irtysh anthropological type of the West Siberian race originates from the northern regions of the subtaiga zone of Western Siberia. Its appearance is recorded mainly in the female part of the Altai population and is explained by mating relations, most likely with the Andronovites (Fedorovites) of the Barabinsk forest-steppe. In general, in the eastern part of the area of the Andronovo cultural community, the influence of the West Siberian race on the formation of the anthropological composition of the population increases from south to north.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 05.05.09.

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