The paper presents the reconstruction of the dwelling of the Bakal culture of Ust-Tersyuksky-1 settlement. New data on housing construction of the medieval population of the forest-steppe Trans-Urals are introduced into scientific circulation. It is established that, in addition to the light frame buildings of the chum and yurt type known until recently, the Bakal population had stationary semi-dugouts of a frame-post structure with sloping walls made of poles and rods, smeared on the inside with clay and covered with turf on top, with a sloping roof, suitable for living throughout the year. The studied dwelling allowed to reconstruct the interior decoration: the remains of the chuval and nar were revealed.

Keywords: early Middle Ages, forest-steppe Trans-Urals, Bakal culture, material culture, housing construction.

A purposeful study of medieval antiquities in the forest and forest-steppe Trans-Urals undertaken by the region's archaeologists in the last decade has not only updated the issues of chronology and cultural genesis of medieval cultures [Viktorova and Morozov, 1993; Morozov, 2003; Matveeva, 2006; Viktorova, 2008; Danchenko, 2008; Matveeva and Rafikova, 2009; etc.], but also it has sharpened the range of problems that have long required close attention of researchers. Paradoxically, the main element of material culture - the dwelling of a medieval person-is studied unevenly and often not deeply enough. The most representative sources on housing construction in the Potchevash culture include graphic reconstructions of buildings (Elagin and Molodin, 1991; Skandakov, 1988). The study of buildings in the forest and sub-taiga zones of the Trans-Urals has a significant history. For example, three types are distinguished for the Yudinsky population: ground log cabins, semi-dugouts with a tent roof and vertical walls (Viktorova, 1968, 1969; Viktorova and Kerner, 1988; Matveeva and Rafikova, 2005). The results of archaeological research of monuments of the Yudinskaya and Nizhneobskaya cultures were used by Z. P. Sokolova when studying the history of Ob Ugrian dwellings [1957]. V. M. Morozov [1994] was specially engaged in the study of buildings in the taiga zone of the Trans-Urals. But the data on Bakal dwellings are fragmentary. Almost all the structures studied were uncovered "along the way", during excavations of multi-layered objects (Ovchinnikova, 1988; Borzunov, 1993; Matveeva, Berlina, Rafikova, 2008; Kaidalov, Sechko, 2008). Recent studies of the Great Bakal settlement have not added any new materials to this section [Botalov et al., 2008]. The remains of all the buildings studied are being reconstructed as light huts or yurts. As a result of the work on Ust-Tersyuksky-1 ancient settlement, a stationary semi-underground dwelling of frame and pillar construction was first studied, which expanded our understanding of the house-building traditions of the Bakal population. The time of operation of the building in the framework of the VI-IX centuries AD was determined on the basis of dates obtained by radiocarbon dating from a coal sample (SOAN-75 98) from a tree lying horizontally to the west of the dwelling (with a 95.4% probability of 670-890 AD, with a 68.2% probability of 680-860 AD).), and analogies to inventory.

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Fig. 1. Plan of the Ust-Tersyuksky-1 ancient settlement with the designation of the excavation site.

Ust-Tersyukskoye-1 settlement is located in the Shatrovsky district of the Kurgan region, 3 km south-southwest of the village of the same name and 5 km north of the village of Barina on a promontory (sub-triangular with a protrusion in the southern part) that protrudes into the floodplain of the river. Iset. The height of the cape above the water level in staritsa is about 42 m. The settlement is two-site: the first site had fortifications on the western and eastern sides, the second-on the eastern and south-eastern sides (Fig. 1). The internal fortification line separated the residential area along an economical arc in a narrow point of the cape - from the south the moat rested on a small trough-log. The width of the ditch of the first line of defense was 6-7 m, the depth - up to 1.7-2.0 m, the shaft collapsed strongly and was fixed for a width of up to 12 m, its height reached 1.6 - 2.0 m. The total height difference from the top of the rampart to the bottom of the moat was 3.0-3.5 m. The entrance to the settlement can be traced in the center of the fortification as an increase in the moat and a slight deflection on the shaft.

Defensive structures are also recorded on the edge of the cape. In its narrowing part, two ramparts and a moat between them are traced. The ramparts with a width of approx. 3 m rose by 0.4-0.5 m, while the last rampart appeared, apparently, due to the ejection of soil from the ditch. The moat with a depth of 1.0-1.2 m was fixed for 20 m, from the north it leveled with the slope of the terrace, and from the south it turned slightly to the east.

The defensive line of the second site crosses the cape in a straight line and turns slightly inward along its southern edge. The rampart was less clearly defined, and in some places there were recesses, possibly residential. Shaft width up to 7 m, height approx. 1 m. The moat had a width of up to 6-8 m, its depth in different areas ranged from 1.2 to 2.5 m (near the bridge-entrance). The total height difference of the rampart and moat was up to 3.2 m. The entrance was located 34 m south of the northern edge of the cape and was expressed as a rise in a moat measuring 2 × 4 m, with a height of approx. 1,0 - 1,2 m.

Perhaps the site of a small promontory protruding to the south of the main one was also fortified, but due to the steep slopes, the fortifications could be light and not fixed externally. Or there was a small village located there, because in the isthmus between the capes there is an artificial moat with a width of approx. 3 m, up to 1.2 m deep, and a bridge measuring 5 × 2 m. The settlement was also located to the east of the settlement.

At the first site, eight round and amorphous depressions were noted, ranging in diameter from 2-3 m to 6-8 m, and up to 0.5 m deep.In addition, many predatory pits and pits were recorded, mainly concentrated at the end and south-western part of the cape. The second platform had a trapezoidal shape, the length of its sides was 32 and 52 m, the western base was about 60 m, and the eastern base was 85 m. Here, mainly in the southern part, depressions of round and oval shape, with a diameter of 3 to 6 - 8 m, and a depth of up to 1.2 - 1.5 m, are everywhere marked.

In 1962, the ancient settlement was surveyed by V. N. Frolov [1962], in 1988 - by N. B. Vinogradov [Archaeological map..., 1993]. In 1991, the second site of the monument was excavated by V. A. Ivanov and G. N. Garustovich [Ivanov and Garustovich, 1991; Garustovich, 2008], and in 2007 by T. N. Rafikova and S. V. Garustovich. The first defensive line of the ancient settlement was studied by the Berlin trench (Rafikova and Berlina, 2008; Rafikova and Matveeva, Berlina, 2008). It is established that the cape was originally inhabited by the Andreev tribes (Eneolithic era), then by the carriers of the Barkhat (Bronze Age) and Baitovo (Early Iron Age) cultures, while the main cultural layer was left by the Bakal population. In 2008, in order to study residential development and traditions of housing construction in the Middle Ages, a excavation was laid in zapadina, located almost in the center of the second site, to the left of the passage (passage) to the bridge over the fortifications of the first defensive line.

The pit of the studied dwelling* has a sub-rectangular shape with rounded corners, dimensions

* In the 2008 report, it is designated as Building 6 (Rafikova and Berlina, 2009).

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2. Pit of the Ust-Tersyuksky-1 settlement dwelling. View from the west.

3. Plan and stratigraphy of the Ust-Tersyuksky-1 settlement dwelling.

A-plan of the dwelling; B - section of the eastern wall along line 5; C-section of the northern wall along line "k".

1-dark brown calcined clay; 2-bright orange calcined clay; 3-sod-humus layer; 4 - pits from pillars; 5-prints from burnt chuval poles; 6-black sandy loam; 7-dark brown sandy loam with clay; 8-coal; 9-brown sandy loam; 10 - mixed yellow-brown sandy loam; 11-smudge that has disintegrated into crumbs.

3.6 × 4.7 m, the long axis is oriented along the north-east-south-west line (Figs. 2, 3, A). The entrance was located on the south-west side and was designed in the form of a step 24 cm high. The structure is 36-45 cm deep into the mainland, and its central part is sub - rectangular in shape, measuring 1.64 × 2.5 m - another 31-37 cm. Two utility pits were cleared within the building: the first sub-rectangular with smoothed corners, measuring 66 × 80 × 22 cm in the western part, and the second sub-square, measuring 56 × 52 × 68 cm in the opposite corner. Several holes from pillars were found in the pit of the dwelling. One of them (N67, 18 cm in diameter, 25 cm deep) was located in the southern corner of the building, the other (N63, 20 cm in diameter and depth) was located in the western corner, but not in the corner itself, but was slightly displaced along the north - western wall. Between them, at a distance of 80 cm to the north-west of the first and 96 cm to the south-west of the second, two more pits were recorded (N66, 12 × 16 cm, 23 cm deep, and N82, 20 cm in diameter, 10 cm deep). Two larger pits (N65, oval, 36 x 42 cm, 44 cm deep, and N87, sub-square, with a side of 32 cm, 21 cm deep) were located on the opposite side of the structure closer to the inner recessed part. It should be noted that the different diameters of the described pits do not necessarily indicate the use of different-scale logs in construction; most likely, this is due to the need to dig larger holes to establish the post.

Despite the fact that the stratigraphy is very complex in other parts of the monument, the filling of the dwelling is relatively uniform: under the sod-humus layer there was black sandy loam with inclusions of mixed yellow-brown, coal, and daub (Figs. 3, B, C). This is probably due to the late position of the dwelling in the Bakal layer of the monument, which is confirmed by the absence of traces of perestroika. A special role in soil formation could be played by the large depth of the depression formed after the destruction of the object, which led to an increased soil washing regime and an active process of humus formation.

Ceramics of the Bakal culture predominated in the filling of the semi-dugout (Figs. 4, 5). Scattered shards of Baitov vessels mainly lay in the upper layers. Individual fragments of ceramics from the Kushnarenkov, Yudinsky, and Chiyalik cultures were also found.

In addition to the structural remains recorded in the mainland, the upper layers are marked as

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large pieces of plaster with clear prints of thin poles 3 - 6 cm thick and fingers, and crumbs from crumbled calcined clay. On the western and northern sides of the dwelling, the remains of scattered multidirectional burnt poles no more than 12 cm thick, up to 92 cm long, as well as a fragment of a board 26 cm long, 20 cm wide and 2 cm thick were found.

Analyzing the obtained materials, we can offer the following option for home reconstruction (Figs. 6, 7). The base of the frame was made up of six vertical posts connected at the top by a frame of horizontally laid logs. In the plan, the structure consisted of two trapezoids (the large one - the actual room of the dwelling, the small one - the entrance part) with a common base and multidirectional vertices. The walls of the dwelling consisted of obliquely (slope of about 75 - 85°) installed poles and rods, one end attached to the frame, the other - buried in the ground, and mainly at some distance from the walls of the pit. Only in one place - where the hearth was located - the walls were more vertical: traces of stakes with a diameter of 4-12 cm were recorded in the pit in the form of narrow strips-wedges of black sandy loam with charcoal. An additional base of inclined pillars, judging by the absence of pits from those, is not marked-

4. Bakal ceramics from Ust-Tersyukskoye-1 settlement.

5. Bakal ceramics from Ust-Tersyukskoye-1 settlement.

Fig. 6. A variant of reconstruction of a dwelling with a gable roof.

a - the skeleton of the dwelling; b - appearance.

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Fig. 7. A variant of reconstruction of a dwelling with a small rise of the darbaz type.

a - the skeleton of the dwelling; b - appearance.

chenoed. Since no traces of intertwined or even crossed rods were found in the pieces of coating, we did not consider the option of braiding the frame with rods. Although it is impossible to completely exclude the possibility of its presence, since most of the coating crumbled into crumbs. Moreover, the principle of weaving in the construction of buildings was quite widespread among the Siberian Tatars, which is recorded in both ethnographic and archaeological materials. The walls of the dwelling were covered from the inside with a thick layer of clay mixed with grass, and the outside was probably insulated with turf, the use of clay outside would have led to its rapid destruction from rain and meltwater.

There are two possible roof options: a gable roof (see Fig. 7). In the first case, it was almost flat, since it was formed by placing poles on the frame of the dwelling and the mat, in the second - with a slight rise, since there were two longitudinal beams, and several transverse logs were laid on them, and the roof had the shape of a truncated pyramid. A gable roof is more likely, which is supported by the presence of a protruding entrance part. The poles of its ceiling were placed on the beam of the frame of the dwelling, and when the roof of the darbaz type was installed, a gap would appear between them and the raised part of the roof. In addition, the chuval at the top was most likely attached to the frame beam. With a gable roof, a small additional parallel pole was enough to secure the pipe. When installing a darbaz roof, the upper part of the chuval would have to be attached to logs located at different levels and at different angles.

The entrance device is connected with pits from pillars at the south-western wall of the pit. The distance between the central posts was 168 cm, i.e. too wide for the doorway. It is quite possible that the door was attached to one of the pillars, and the rest of the space was covered with boards (see Figure 6).

In general, the dwelling was a low (1.8 - 2.0 m) building of a streamlined shape, with a gable roof, covered with turf.

The materials of the excavations allow us to establish some details of the internal structure of the dwelling. So, to the right of the entrance, in the southern corner of the building, in a small niche carved into the mainland, there was a chuval. Its base was oval in shape, measuring 38x68 cm. On the south side, the prints of burnt poles with a thickness of no more than 5 cm were clearly recorded in the clay. According to ethnographic data, several ways of constructing the chuval skeleton are known, the most common ones are the manufacture of vertical poles gripped with hoops of talc or cedar root, or simply weaving from twigs. Then the skeleton was smeared with clay mixed with crushed dry grass or needles, often with the addition of manure (Gemuev, 1990; Oborotova, 2003; Fedorova, 2000). The location of the chuval to the right of the entrance is also confirmed by ethnographic materials (Shatilov, 1931; Gemuyev, 1990; Golovnev, 1995; Oborotova, 2003; Fedorova, 2000). The space between it and the wall was used for storing and drying firewood (Patkanov, 1891).

Archaeological materials show the appearance of Chuvals since the early Middle Ages. For example, the Chuval remains were recorded in the late layer of the Gornaya Bitiya settlement, dating back to the end of the first millennium AD (Mogilnikov, 1968); in the dugout N3 of Andryusha Gorodok (Chernetsov, 1952). Mud-brick hearths are found in the dwellings of the SBAO-1 settlement, on the Yudinsky hillfort, etc. [Viktorova, 1976; Viktorova and Kerner, 1988].

The continental ledges on the left and rear sides could be used as bunks. This arrangement of a sleeping place-opposite the entrance and hearth-is widespread among the peoples of Western and Eastern Siberia. It was at the opposite side of the entrance and at one of the side walls that the bunks of the Ob Ugrians were arranged (Gemuyev, 1990; Fedorova, 2000). Among the Siberian Tatars, they were located along one, two or three walls. The bunks were used for cooking, eating, sleeping, and receiving guests, and the place of honor was considered to be on the side opposite the door (Valeev and Tomilov, 2006).

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Ethnographic materials show a large number of types of dwellings among the Ob Ugrians and West Siberian Tatars-population groups that have been recorded in this territory since the Middle Ages. Among the winter fixed frame-post residential buildings of Khanty and Mansi Z. P. Sokolova distinguishes two main types - pyramidal and truncated-pyramidal [1957], their frame was constructed from obliquely installed logs fastened with a frame, and this feature, according to scientists, emphasizes the ethnic specifics of Ob-Ugric housing construction [Essays on Kulyurogenesis..., 1994].

Some analogies to the structure we studied can be traced in the winter yurt of the Vakhovsky ostyaks, described by M. B. Shatilov. During its construction, a pit was dug with a depth of 40-50 cm, on top of which a frame was erected from vertical posts fastened to the top by a frame, and inclined ones installed with an interval of 70 cm. In the middle, they were fastened with a crossbar, after which the gaps between the walls and the frame were filled with poles and covered with earth (Shatilov, 1931). Undoubtedly, the difference between the described building and the one we have studied is quite large, but the main design features, namely, the frame of four vertical logs and filling the walls with vertically installed poles and rods, are similar. According to E. N. Korosteleva, in the same area, near the Khanty of the Agan River, at the end of the XX century, three types of buildings were recorded, one of which - myg kot (earthen house), l'amych kot (moss house) or tunzem yukh kot (standing log house) - shows parallels with the one we studied housing. Earthen houses could be built with or without a recess. At the same time, the central part of the dwelling, which is deepened by 30^4 - 0 cm, is quite common in other types of buildings. Above the pit, a frame is erected from vertical posts, the number of which depends on the area of the building, and the crossbars laid on them, which serve as "wombs" for the roof and supports for the walls. The latter are constructed from planks or planks, additionally covered with birch bark and covered with several layers of turf or moss (Korosteleva, 2003).

The dwellings of Bashkirs who lived in the Kurgan steppes are very close to the construction of the Ust-Tersyuksky-1 settlement. They were deepened in the ground by 60-80 cm, had a wooden frame of pillars dug into the ground, with a frame installed on them. The latter, as in our case, is smaller than the pit. The walls were formed by sloping poles, covered with light clay from the inside. From above, the dwelling was insulated with birch bark, grass, turf, and earth (Shitova, 1984). Truncated pyramidal frame dwellings, similar in basic details to the one we studied, are known among many peoples of Western Siberia - the Shors, Narym Selkups, Mansi, Kets, etc. [Essays on culyurogenesis..., 1994; Sokolova, 1998].

Among the archaeologically studied medieval buildings, some analogies can be traced in the dwelling of the Ananyinsky settlement in the Irtysh region. Its skeleton was constructed from pillars, the pits from which, vertical in profile, are fixed on both sides. The walls consisted of poles or thin logs, the grooves between them were smeared with clay. The method of their construction and the type of overlap have not been established (Mogilnikov, 1962). The Zmeinaya Gorka dwelling is very similar in design to ours (Sokolova, 1957).

So, the good preservation of the remains of the Bakal building of Ust-Tersyuksky-1 settlement gave us the opportunity to reconstruct not only its design and appearance, but also its internal structure. The Bakal dwellings studied so far were light summer buildings in the form of huts or yurts. Studies at Ust-Tersyukskoye-1 ancient settlement revealed another type of dwelling characteristic of the Bakal population - stationary semi-dugouts of frame-post construction with sloping walls made of poles and rods coated with clay from the inside, with a sloping roof, insulated over with turf, which were suitable for living throughout the year. Materials of the ancient settlement confirm the appearance of Chuvals in the early Middle Ages.

The presence of a large number of similar depressions on the territory of the monument indicates a wide distribution of the identified type of dwellings among the carriers of the Bakal culture. The materials of the Ust-Tersyuksky-1 ancient settlement allow us to significantly expand our understanding of the composition and development of house-building traditions of the medieval population of Western Siberia.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 25.12.09.

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