UDC 903

The Trans-Baikal archaeological expedition of the Institute of the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the field seasons of 1998 - 2005 conducted excavations of an elite complex of burials of Asian Huns (Xiongnu) in Tsaram Padi (Kyakhtinsky district of the Republic of Buryatia). The complex consisted of a central mound (the largest in Russia and one of the largest in the world) and ten accompanying graves with human sacrifices. The article presents the results of excavations of the central mound: it provides a detailed description of the study of the design of the tomb and intra-tomb structures, and describes the sets of burial equipment found in the external and internal corridors of the burial chamber. The description of details of structures and finds is accompanied by detailed illustrations.

Keywords: archeology, Xiongnu, Xiongnu, Central Asia, elite mounds, Transbaikalia, Tsaram.

The Xiongnu (Xiongnu, or Asian Huns) were pastoral tribes that conquered vast areas of Central Asia in the last centuries BC. The unification of tribes formed under the rule of the Xiongnu played a major role in the history of the Eurasian steppe belt. The Xiongnu conquests at the turn of the third and second centuries BC put an end to the" Scythian " period in the development of this region and marked the beginning of an era that became a link between primitiveness and civilization. Within the framework of the tribal union, whose influence extended from the Yenisei to Manchuria and from the Ordos plateau to Lake Baikal, new forms of material culture and social relations developed in a short time, which then existed for a long period.

The Xiongnu archaeological sites first discovered in 1896 by the well-known researcher of Transbaikalia Yu.D. Talko-Grintsevich near the town of Kyakhta [1999] are widespread in Mongolia and Transbaikalia; they are represented by burials, open settlements, and fortified fortresses. The study of these objects has been conducted for more than 100 years, mainly in Russia, in the south of Western Transbaikalia. In recent years, due to the study of reference monuments (Ivolginsky settlement, Ivolginsky burial ground, Dureny settlement, Dyrestuysky burial ground), the material culture of Xiongnu has appeared in all its diversity [Davydova, 1995, 1996; Minyaev, 1998; Davydova and Minyaev, 2003].

Until recently, the burial sites of the Xiongnu high nobility remained unexplored. For the first time, attempts to excavate such objects were made in Transbaikalia by Yu. D. Talko-Grintsevich, but they ended in failure: during the excavation of the "well", the pit walls collapsed, and the work had to be curtailed. In 1924-1925, members of P. K. Kozlov's Mongol-Tibetan expedition fortified old predatory tunnels, penetrated several mounds in the Noin-Ula Mountains in northern Mongolia, and recovered a series of gold, silver, and bronze objects, as well as fragments of carpets and silk fabrics. However, the construction of mounds and the structure of intra-grave structures have not been studied. Only in recent years, thanks to the work of Russian and foreign archaeologists in Transbaikalia and Mongolia, it has become possible to obtain fundamentally new data on the burial practice of the Xiongnu.

Trans-Baikal expedition of the Institute of the History of Material Culture (IIMC) In recent years, the Russian Academy of Sciences has been conducting systematic work on one of the burial grounds.-

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Fig. 1. Map-layout of the Tsaram burial ground.

xiongnu Cove in Padi Tsaram (1.5 km south of the village). 1). Burials in this area were discovered in June 1899 by the well-known researcher of Transbaikalia Yu.D. Talko-Grintsevich; he recorded at least 20 graves "scattered through the forest". Five of them were excavated by him in June 1903 together with Ya. S. Smolev [Talko-Grintsevich, 1999, pp. 93, 117-111]. All the graves were looted; the findings were extremely few: an iron awl with a ring-shaped pommel, a fragment of a bronze lining and fragments of several vessels. According to the peculiarities of intra-grave structures, Yu. D. Talko-Grintsevich attributed these burials to the type of "log burials" that he identified intuitively and correctly with the burials of the Asian Huns - the Xiongnu.

The results of a detailed survey conducted by the Trans-Baikal expedition of the IIMC RAS, a topographical plan and measurements of the monument's burial structures showed that one of the largest Xiongnu burial structures known today is located in Tsaram Padi. It is quite obvious that Padi Tsaram was an elite cemetery of the highest Xiongnu nobility, whose burial structures remained virtually unexplored until recently. The work of the expedition to Padi Tsaram was planned taking into account the specific planigraphy of the Xiongnu burial grounds, which shows a clear tendency to place burials in burial complexes consisting of a central mound and located around it according to a certain system of accompanying burials. A number of data allow us to conclude that such graves contain people who died violently and probably "accompanied" their owner to the other world (Minyaev, 1985, 1998).

The main research was conducted in the northern part of Padi, where one of the largest mounds of the Xiongnu known today was located. The large size of the mound, the complex burial structure, and the abundance of prestigious items in the inventory suggest that it represents the burial of one of the Xiongnu leaders (Shanyu). The excavation covered both the mound itself and the area around it, where, given the outcrops of individual stones, there may have been small burials with destroyed grave masonry. The total area of the excavation was 7,700 m2. In addition to the central mound, ten accompanying burials with traces of human sacrifice were discovered and investigated at this site. They formed two lines - on the western and eastern sides of mound 7-each with five burials, and undoubtedly represented a single complex with this object. The materials of excavations of the accompanying burials were published (Minyaev and Sakharovskaya, 2002); this article considers the materials of the study of the central mound of the complex (in the sequential numbering of objects of the burial ground, it has an ordinal number 7). Work on the mound allowed us to obtain fundamentally new data on the burial rite of the Xiongnu*.

On the surface of Mound 7, it was marked by a 32x32 m mound with a height of approx. 1.5 m; in the center of the mound there was a 2.5 m deep depression. On the southern side of the embankment, a trapezoidal elevation of 20 m in length was traced, gently descending to the south. The entire burial structure consisted of a mixture of humusized soil, loam and sandy loam and was covered with a thin layer of redeposited yellow continental loam. Around the perimeter of the embankment were low walls - stone slabs placed vertically in one or two rows. Someone-

* The monument's research was funded by the Russian Humanities Research Foundation, IIMC RAS, and the National Geographic Society of the United States.

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2. Han mirror from Mound 7.

3. The first overlap of the grave pit, view from the north.

similar slabs, narrow and long, were originally used, apparently, as a kind of stele; they stood along the northern and southern walls of the mound. The upper contour of the grave pit almost coincided with the boundaries of the burial structure; the dimensions of the pit along this contour were 29 × 26.5 m.

In the upper part of the grave pit, an intra-grave structure was cleared, which can be conditionally called a wooden crate. It consisted of pine logs stacked one on top of the other*, which formed one longitudinal and seven perpendicular partitions. The longitudinal partition ran through the entire pit and dromos in a north-south direction and divided the pit and dromos into western and eastern parts. Transverse partitions were located only in the grave pit asymmetrically with respect to the longitudinal partition: four partitions were fixed in the western half of the grave pit and three in the eastern half. In general, this structure of one longitudinal and seven transverse partitions divided the upper part of the pit into nine compartments.

When clearing a wooden "cage" under the logs of the second level of the longitudinal partition at a depth of 218 cm from the reference point of the mound, ten fragments of the Han mirror were found lying in situ: six fragments one under the other and four more-next to them. These fragments do not make it possible to make a complete mirror, but they make it possible to reconstruct its dimensions and ornaments (Figure 2). It can be assumed that during the funeral ceremony, a special rite was performed over the mirror in question, which was probably the norm of Xiongnu burial practice in general. During this rite, the mirror was subjected to mechanical (or temperature) influence and split. One or more fragments of the mirror "accompanied" the deceased to the other world, while other parts of the mirror were seized and possibly kept in the family or relatives of the deceased (Minyaev and Sakharovskaya, 2007).

Below the wooden "crate" were cleared and fixed four floors of the grave pit. The upper floor consisted of large stone slabs laid on pine logs, which covered the entire grave pit from north to south (Fig. 3). There was a layer of reeds under the logs. The second floor was located 120-150 cm lower than the first one and consisted of butt-laid stone slabs, under which a layer of reeds was also marked. The third floor was layered: large stone slabs with an average size of 100x70 cm, a layer of charcoal and river pebbles, a layer of compressed birch bark, small branches and cones, a layer of coarse crushed stone. The fourth floor was also multi-layered: large stone slabs with an average size of 80 × 60 cm, a layer of compressed birch bark, small branches and cones, a layer of large river pebbles, a layer of coarse crushed stone, a layer of fine charcoal. After

* Definitions of wood species are made by cand. biol. nauk, senior researcher. M. I. Kolosova, an employee of the State Hermitage Museum, to whom the author expresses his sincere gratitude.

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4. Plan of the remains of the awning and chariot body.

The numbers in parentheses are leveling marks.

1-horse bones (skull and metapodia); 2-anterior jugular pole; 3-jugular pommels; 4-bronze tip of the jugular pole; 5-bronze arches; 6-remains of thin round wooden poles; 7-rectangular iron buckles; 8-iron plaques; 9-iron rings; 10 - bronze rings. tips of the rear jugular pole; 11-iron arches; 12-rear jugular pole; 13-remains of the chariot lattice body; 14-shafts; 75-seat armrests; 16-east wheel; 17-west wheel; 18-iron brackets; 19, 20-small iron bushings; 21-iron plate; 22-lamb bones; 23-wagon awning.

After clearing the third and fourth floors, the differences between their western and eastern parts became apparent. They were evident in the color and structure of the stone slabs: in the western part, these overlappings consisted of light gray sandstone slabs, in the eastern part-of light pink boulders.

During the analysis of the third and clearing of the fourth floors in the center of the mound, chariot parts were found (awning, wheels, axles, wheel bushings, wooden lacquered parts of the drawbar with ornaments). The location of these details suggests that the chariot was placed in the northern half of the grave pit on slabs of the fourth floor and then covered with earth removed during the digging of the pit, as well as crushed stone, pebbles, coal, and covered with slabs of the third floor (Minyaev and Sakharovskaya, 2006). The preservation of the chariot parts was extremely poor - the wooden parts and organic material of the tent almost completely rotted away, the bronze and iron parts were heavily oxidized, many of them lost their original structure and were preserved fragmentary (Figs. 4-6). In the central part of the grave pit, two predatory moves were traced, which partially destroyed the central crate, ceilings and chariot. The total depth of the grave pit from the surface of the mound was 17 m.

The internal burial structure consisted of a triple burial chamber (an external log house, an internal log house, and a coffin) enclosed in a sarcophagus made of large stone slabs (Fig. 7); the fourth floor of the pit actually served as the stone roof of such a sarcophagus. The walls of the outer chamber were formed by beams stacked in seven crowns; the total height of the chamber is approx. 170-180 cm. The longitudinal and transverse beams were connected to each other in a lock-like manner, while the incisions for the connection were made solid, for the entire height of the beam. Additional fastenings of the crowns of the bars between each other are not fixed.

The ceiling of the cell consisted of planks arranged in a west-east direction. Boards 20 - 35 cm wide were laid butt-to-butt; no devices were found to fasten them together or to the upper crowns of the chamber. The boards of the ceiling rested on the edges of the upper crowns of the log house, and in the middle-on three ceiling beams, which were located along the north-south line at equal distances from each other. The ceiling beams rested on the upper crowns of the chamber, which had a special design.-

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special slots for fixing beams, and on columns installed along the north and south walls on the inner side of the chamber. In the northern part of the burial structure along the wall of the outer chamber were three columns, three more columns-parallel to the first along the northern wall of the inner frame. Along the southern wall of the chamber were three more similar columns. Thus, each of the three ceiling beams of the outer chamber had five points of support: two-on the northern and southern upper crowns of the chamber (where the ends of the beams were inserted into special incisions), two-on the northern and one - on the southern columns. The outer cell stood on a floor of planks laid in a west - east line. The floor boards rested at their ends on wooden "slegs" located near the walls of the grave pit on the west and east sides.

The internal log house consists of five square cross-section beams (dimensions 20 × 20 cm). The longitudinal and transverse bars were connected to each other in a lock, similar to the crowns of the outer chamber. Like the outer chamber, the log house had an overlap of transverse boards and a plank floor also made of transverse boards.

The coffin, which was located inside the log house, was largely destroyed during the creation of the southern predatory passage and the subsequent collapse of the chamber. The floor of the coffin and the ceiling presumably consisted of two longitudinal boards, each side wall - from a wide board.

The main burial equipment was placed in the external (between the walls of the pit and the chamber) and internal (between the walls of the log house and the coffin) corridors. As a result of the collapse of an intra-grave structure and

5. Ornament on the inside of the chariot awning.

Fig. 6. Bronze wheel bearings and iron chariot checks.

Fig. 7. Intra-grave structure of mound 7.

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Figure 8. Layout of doll 1 (western corridor).

1-iron buckles with a cross tongue; 2-iron tips of belts; 3-a bronze mirror; 4-birch bark signs and a circle; 5 - a hair clip made of horn; 6-a lacquered wooden box or dish; 7-a fragment of an iron object; 8-round iron plaques; 9-iron clips; 10 - a wooden stick; 11-a jasper bead; 12-a thin plate of red lacquer; 13-leather straps; 14-iron bits; 15-an iron psalter; 16-an iron frame; 17-braids; 18-a fragment of the lower jaw; 19-teeth; 20-a piece of mica; 21-round pendants made of gold foil with turquoise inlay; 22-wooden lacquered sticks; 23-iron plates; 24-a piece of leather; 25-an iron plate covered with red varnish; 26-iron rings; 27-a fragment of a skull bone with plaster coating; 28-an iron screw with a ring-shaped pommel.

displacement of the crowns of the chamber and log house many sets of equipment were deformed and crushed; iron objects (mainly parts of horse harness) were strongly oxidized. Most of these kits could not be disassembled in the field.

The northern outer corridor was largely destroyed during the construction of the robber's passage; only fragments of ceramics and varnished wooden objects, an iron object, as well as individual animal bones covered with bronze oxides were found here.

The finds in the western outer corridor are represented by a cluster of iron objects and two burial dolls with their accompanying equipment. In the north-western corner of the corridor, a cluster of iron objects was recorded, including, probably, iron rods and psalms, as well as other objects completely covered with oxides combined with each other. Iron hooks are marked in the walls of the outer chamber; they may have been used to hang bridle sets that ended up on the floor after the chamber was deformed.

A funeral doll (doll 1, north) was found in the center of the western corridor. Her head is made from the skull, judging by the baby teeth, of a child 2-4 years old. On the skull of the doll, six braids of black coarse hair were preserved, which were probably attached with some kind of adhesive substance. Next to the braids on the skull were pendants made of gold foil with turquoise inserts. Two more scythes were placed in front of and behind the skull, and two more scythes were placed in the waist area next to the iron plates. The doll's long limbs were modeled in the form of wooden sticks covered with red lacquer (Fig.

The burial equipment of doll 1 consisted of two decomposed iron belt plates measuring 15 × 6 cm (the leather base of the belt was located next to the plates) and a lacquered wooden box located behind the doll's head, next to which four birch bark signs were found (it is possible that they were originally inside the box; Fig. 9). The box is covered with red it is also decorated with an applique around the edges: a geometric pattern of red lacquer was pasted on strips of yellow lacquer. A hair clip made of organic material (possibly turtle shell) was found under the box. Under the birch-bark signs was a birch-bark circle, on which a fragment of a bronze Chinese mirror was found. One of the birch-bark signs depicts a Xiongnu camp with yurts on wheels, while the other has a profile image of a man's head in a helmet-probably a copy of a coin (Fig. 10).

Another doll (Doll 2) found in the west corridor was similarly modeled. It lay 1 m south of doll 1. The base of doll 2

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9. A lacquered box and birch bark signs near the doll's head 1.

Fig. 10. Images on birch bark signs.

there was also a human skull that had completely decomposed. Only small baby teeth were preserved; their condition suggests that the skull belonged to an infant at the age of several months. Behind the skull was a short braid of coarse black hair. The upper limbs were not fixed, the lower limbs were made of thin iron plates placed in a wooden case and covered with red varnish.

A necklace of glass, turquoise, fluorite and large crystal beads was found below Doll 2's skull. In the area of the doll's belt, two decayed iron plates measuring 20x11 cm were marked; the plates lay on the leather base of the belt, which was preserved fragmentally and in places was covered with red varnish. From the leather belt descended a low string of beads, the basis of which was almost

Fig. 11. Layout of doll 2 (western corridor).

1-iron objects; 2 - a piece of felt (?); 3-a fragment of a braid, 4-a cluster of beads (s. - carnelian, b. - turquoise, f. - fluorite, hr. - crystal, the rest-glass); 5 - a piece of leather covered with red varnish; 6-a piece of leather; 7-iron plates; 8 - wooden lacquered plate; 9-iron plates covered with red varnish; 10 - fragments of a lacquered wooden vessel with an inscription; 11-low beads (sd. - carnelian, f. - fluorite, i. - amber, the rest-glass); 12 - human teeth.

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12. Fragment of a hieroglyphic inscription on a lacquered vessel.

completely decomposed glass beads. Carnelian, fluorite, and amber beads were also found (Fig. 11).

Below the waist of doll 2, under the displaced crown of the outer chamber, the remains of a crushed wooden lacquered vessel with a geometric ornament are marked. Inside it was a fragment of a bronze Chinese mirror, a piece of mica, two wooden combs, and a set of iron needles in a wooden case. On the outer surface of the vessel there is a hieroglyphic inscription with the name of the workshop that made it (Fig. 12). According to Professor M. Pirazzoli-Serstevens, the vessel was made in the Kaogong Imperial Workshop in the Han capital of Chang'an; the inscription began with the characters "chengyu" ("made for the emperor"). The features of the hieroglyphics and the style of the ornament suggest that the vessel was made between 8 BC and 4 AD (Pirazzoli-Serstevens, 2008).

The findings from the eastern and western outer corridors are almost identical. In the northern part of the corridor, a cluster of completely oxidized iron objects was found, probably bits, psalms, buckles. The burial doll (Doll 3) lying in the middle of the east corridor south of the harness parts was modeled in the same way as the dolls from the west outer corridor. The doll's skull is almost completely rotted away. There were several braids of coarse black hair in the area of the skull. Turquoise, glass, and amber beads were traced at the ends of the braids. The limbs were modeled from wooden lacquered sticks. In the neck area to the right and left of the skull, the remains of two round pendants made of wood, covered with varnish, are fixed. It is possible that these pendants were made from the walls of wooden lacquered cups. On the belt of doll 3 were two wide oxidized iron buckles measuring 19 × 12 cm. The remains of a wooden object (possibly a box) were found behind the doll's head, along with a small birch bark curtain and a large fragment of a Chinese mirror (Fig.

South of doll 3 in the east corridor-2-meter was a free space, behind it were the bones of a person's feet. In all likelihood, there was another doll (or human corpse) lying here, which was almost completely removed by the robbers. In the south-eastern corner of the corridor, oxidized iron plaques were found under the displaced logs of the outer chamber.

The southern outer corridor was completely blocked by displaced logs of the cell and log house. There were no finds in the corridor, only small pieces of silk and remnants of a wool carpet were recorded on the walls of the outer chamber from the inside. There were no finds in the northern inner corridor, which was completely destroyed by the robbers.

In the western inner corridor, only two bronze coffin handrails are fixed at the southwest and southeast corners of the coffin. Handrails 40 cm long and

Figure 13. Layout of doll 3 (eastern corridor).

1-iron buckles; 2-iron plate covered with red varnish; 3-plates of dried red varnish; 4-a wooden object covered with red varnish; 5-braids; 6-a fragment of clothing (?): woolen fabric and organic material-fur or felt; 7-pendants made of a wooden lacquered wall cups; 8, 10-turquoise beads; 9-glass bead; 11-amber bead; 12-fragments of a bronze Chinese mirror; 13-birch bark lining of the mirror; 14-birch bark vessels; 15 - fragments of a wooden lacquered cup; 16 - a piece of felt; 17-hair; 18-a wooden comb; 19 - a piece of silk.

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14. Silver falar-horse harness decoration.

15. Bronze badge with the image of a mountain goat in a jump.

16. Gold penetrators, a small vessel and fragments of a sword inside the coffin.

17. Gold buckle with the image of "satyr".

4 cm in diameter, cylindrical in shape, with small thickenings at the ends.

In the eastern inner corridor, the remains of inventory were preserved only in the southern part; the northern part of the corridor was destroyed during the construction of the southern predatory passage. In the south-eastern corner of the corridor, a cluster of oxidized iron objects was found, among which one can presumably distinguish bits, psalms, and several iron three-pointed arrowheads. Further to the north, along the side of the log house, there were two silver falaras with the image of a mountain goat (Fig. To the west of the Falars lay an entirely preserved wooden staff. Its length is 153 cm, diameter 4 cm; the end of the staff is flat, the pommel is made in the form of a carved ball. The staff is covered with a dark brown lacquer with an ornament in the form of short wavy lines, applied in red lacquer. Under the handle of the staff, face down, lay a bronze plaque with the image of a mountain goat in a jump (Fig. A wooden saddle bow was found below the staff. It consisted of three trapezoidal plates lying in the form of the letter P. On the short sides of the plates there were several holes for fastening the plates together. Below the pommel of the saddle, under a layer of decomposed leather, there are fragments of silver plaques with the image of a goat in a jump, identical to the image on the bronze plaque. Near the lower part of the staff, a braid of dense chestnut hair and a lacquered wooden cup were found, next to which lay a small iron ladle.

In the south-eastern corner of the southern inner corridor, a flat iron ring and two iron brackets were found.

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18. Tiara and white jade plate
As noted, the northern part of the coffin was destroyed by the southern predatory move. At the north-eastern corner of the coffin, on the outside, lay the upper part of the goat's skull, covered with silver foil. In the preserved southern part of the coffin, remains of a covering made of organic material (felt or pressed fur) were found. After clearing this covering in the center of the coffin at the edge of the robber's passage, two gold penetrations with the image of a mountain goat, a small pear-shaped gold vessel also with the image of a mountain goat (the neck of the vessel is closed with a wooden stopper) and the remains of a ritual sword in a wooden lacquered scabbard were found. The images of the animal on the pronizki and the vessel are completely similar. The head and legs of the goat are depicted in relief, the eyes, body and tail are shown in turquoise inserts (Fig.

Against the south wall of the coffin were two iron buckles covered with gold foil. Rectangular tips of iron straps, also with gold foil, lay between the buckles. Buckles measuring 7.5 x 5.0 cm have the shape of a truncated oval. On the front side of the buckles you can see the image of a mystical creature, which can be conditionally called a satyr. The "satyr" muzzle is shown in relief, the eyes, eyebrows and moustache are made in the form of agate inserts, the bases of the horns and the hair clip in the hair are emphasized with turquoise inserts. In the mouth of one satyr, the remains of a cloth strap were preserved (Fig. 17).

On the border of the predatory passage and the destroyed part of the coffin, fragments of a white jade diadem and fragments of plates with holes (possibly from the ceremonial carapace) also made of white jade were found (Fig.

The typology of the burial equipment, the presence of fragments of Han mirrors in the filling of the grave pit and in the inventory of dolls, the features of the inscription on the lacquered box, as well as information from written sources allow us to date complex No. 7 to the first century AD, probably the first half of it. Given the large size of the mound, the monumentality of the burial structure, as well as the abundance of prestigious gold, silver and lacquered objects among the inventory (despite the fact that the object was twice looted), it can be assumed that one of the representatives of the highest Xiongnu nobility, possibly one of the Xiongnu leaders (Shanyu), was buried in the mound.

List of literature

Davydova A.V. Ivolginskoe gorodishche [Ivolginskoe gorodishche]. Saint Petersburg: Asiatika Foundation, 1995, 93 p. (Archaeological monuments of Xiongnu; issue 1).

Davydova A.V. Ivolginsky burial ground. - St. Petersburg: Petersburg, vostokovedenie Publ., 1996, 176 p. (Archaeological monuments of Xiongnu; issue 2).

Davydova A.V., Minyaev S. S. Complex of monuments near the village of Dureny. Saint Petersburg: Asiatika Foundation, 2003, 164 p. (Archaeological monuments of Xiongnu; issue 5).

Minyaev S. S. On the topography of Xiongnu kurgan monuments / / KSIA. - 1985. - Issue 184. - pp. 21-27.

Minyaev S. S. Dyrestuysky burial ground. - St. Petersburg: Europe. dom, 1998. - 223 p. - (Archaeological monuments of Xiongnu; issue 3).

Minyaev S. S., Sakharovskaya L. M. Accompanying burials of the "tsarsky" complex No. 7 in the Tsaram burial ground. - St. Petersburg: D. M. Bulavin, 2002. - N 9. - pp. 86-118.

Minyaev S. S., Sakharovskaya L. M. Khanskoe zerkalo iz mogilnika Tsaram [The Han mirror from the Tsaram burial ground].

Minyaev S. S., Sakharovskaya L. M. Han'skaya kolesnitsa iz mogilnika Tsaram [The Khan chariot from the Tsaram burial ground]. 14. - p. 130-140.

Pirazzoli-Serstevens, M., Chinese inscription from the elite xiongnu mound in the Tsaram burial ground, in Archeologicheskie vesti, Moscow: Nauka Publ., 2008, issue 15, pp. 71-73.

Talko-Grintsevich Yu. D. Materials on paleoethnology of Transbaikalia. St. Petersburg: Asiatika Foundation, 1999, 123 p. (Archaeological monuments of Xiongnu; issue 4).

The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 10.06.08.

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