This paper examines the decorations made from mollusk shells found in the burials of the Tuzovsky Bugry-1 ground burial ground in the Altai Territory. The collection includes shells of bivalve mollusks: Corbicula ferghanensis Kurs. et al., currently found in the Amu Darya and Syr Darya basins; Corbicula tibetensis Prash., currently distributed in the mountainous regions of Central Asia, Eastern Kazakhstan, in the Amu Darya and Syr Darya basins; fossil corbicula close to Corbicula fluminalis Mull; toothless species of the genus Colletopterum, representatives of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya basins. which is now widely distributed in the Ob basin, and a specimen of Cardiidae sp. "marine, probably a fossil species. Most interesting are the fossil shells of marine shovel-footed mollusks close to the genus Dentalium (class Scaphopoda, fam. Dentaliidae). In the Altai Territory, there are not even such deposits where they could meet. Probably, these shells were brought by people from another region. The closest localities of dentaliid fossils to Altai are located in the Aral Sea region. The presence of truncated-conic penetrations from Dentalium shells and Corbicula leaf suspensions indicates that the Altai population is related to the Central Asian region. They may have been carried out through contacts with native speakers of the Ust-Narym and Botai cultures, or they may have been the result of migration to the Altai from the regions of Central Asia or Eastern Kazakhstan.

Key words: burial, ground burial ground, shells of bivalves and shovel-footed mollusks, Corbicula, Colletopterum, Dentalium, Neolithic, Eneolithic, Early Bronze Age.

Introduction

Ornaments made from the shells of river mollusks Colletopterum (toothless) are quite often found in burials of the Neolithic-Eneolithic Altai (Molodin, 1999; Kiryushin, Kungurova, Kadikov, 2000; Markin, 2000; Kungurova, 2003, 2005). In the adjacent territories, such items are so widely represented in the burial complexes of this time that it makes no sense to give them in this work.

Truncated-conical pierces made of Dentalium shells and Corbicula leaf pendants are very rare finds on Neolithic and Eneolithic sites in Central Asia and Southern Siberia. In this paper we consider jewelry made from the shells of these mollusks,

The work was supported by the federal target program "Scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel of innovative Russia", the project "Comprehensive historical research in the field of studying Western and Southern Siberia from ancient times to the present" (2009 - 1.1 - 301 - 072 - 016).

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discovered in the burials of the Tuzovsky Hillocks-1 ground burial ground. The research aims to search for a similar tradition in the Altai and neighboring regions, and analyze the possibility of using such finds in the reconstruction of ethno-cultural processes in Central Asia and Southern Siberia during the Neolithic and Eneolithic epochs.

Eneolithic - Early Bronze Age complex of the Tuzovsky Hills-1 ground burial ground

In September 2000, archaeologists of the Altai State University conducted excavations of the Tuzovsky Bugry-1 ground burial ground, located 30 km south of Barnaul. The monument is located on the right bank of the Ob River, on the Zalomnaya Bayou, 8.5 km south-southwest of the village of Skorakikha and 5.5 km northwest of the village of Skorakikha. Small River. The Ob right bank in this place is a wide (up to 12 km) hard - to-reach swampy floodplain, complicated by a lot of old trees and old lakes, which are interspersed with manes and mounds-remnants of the indigenous coast. The height of such remnants reaches 4 m from the floodplain level. The surrounding vegetation is meadow with thickets of shrubby willows, aspens and birches. The indigenous coast, located 4 km to the west of the monument, is covered with pine forest.

"Tuzovsky Hills" is the local name for a winding ridge consisting of two large and several small remnants. It is elongated along the C-S line, the length is about 1200 m, the width in some places reaches 200 m, the height at the highest points is more than 4 m. The Tuzovsky Hills-1 ground burial ground is located in the southern part of the ridge, on the largest outlier, surrounded on all sides by swamps and lakes of channel origin. From the burial ground in the eastern and southern directions, you can enjoy a wide view of the swampy floodplain. During floods, the water in the Ob River rises by 1.5-3.0 m, almost completely flooding the floodplain and flooding the outlier, which turns into an island. The water subsides only by August.

The location of the Tuzovsky Hillocks-1 ground burial ground shows common patterns with the Sopka-2 monument [Molodin, 2001, p. 7].V. I. Molodin noted that in the funerary rites of the ancients, the location of the cemetery played an important role and "a special place in these ideas was given to the so-called "islands of the dead"" [Ibid.]. Similar burial grounds are known in the vast territory of Northern Eurasia: Olenostrovskaya on Lake Onega (Gurina, 1956), Kitoysky on the Angara River (Okladnikov, 1974), Krutikha-5 nar. Ob [Molodin, 1977].

At present, 174 m2 have been uncovered at the Tuzovsky Hillocks-1 monument and 37 burials have been examined. Of these, 19 belong to the Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age, while the rest belong to the Early Iron Age. Some of the more ancient burials were disrupted as a result of the functioning of the burial ground of the Early Iron Age. Eneolithic graves were located in four rows, oriented along the NW-SE line. There were five or six burials in a row. Most of the burials are single, three paired and two collective-three and five buried. Most of the deceased were laid in an extended position on their backs, with their arms along their torso, and their heads on the ground. The accompanying inventory is mainly represented by various ornaments made from shellfish shells and animal teeth, as well as stone products (fishing rods, arrowheads, "irons", flakes, "claw" chisels, scrapers, etc.) and bones (harpoons, mid-and one-end bow pads, biconic arrowheads (?), etc.). Metal temporal rings and two jar-shaped vessels were found in one grave. Clam shells were found in nine burials.

Grave 3. At the bottom of the grave pit (0,6 m deep from the present surface) lay the skeleton of a man buried on his back, with his head on the Holy Cross. On the right side, half of the chest, part of the pelvis and ulna were missing, and the humerus was shifted to the northwest wall at an angle to the spine. The position of the bones of the left arm indicates that it was bent at the elbow and the hand was at the shoulder. The femur bones were in line with the spine, and the tibia bones were below them. On the right side, two shells with a hole in the lock were found under the skull (see table), under the left humerus - a bear's fang (?), to the left of the spine above the pelvis - a pendant made of an animal's tooth.

Grave 9. At the bottom were the skeletons of an adult and a child, buried in an elongated position on their backs, with their heads on the ground. The adult was missing the left humerus and part of the ribs. The remaining bones of the left half of the chest were displaced to the left, which is the result of the device of the adjacent chest. 8. The child was placed on top of the adult: the head was on the adult's stomach, and the legs were between his legs. In the area of the cervical vertebrae and under the child's skull, 15 shells of mollusks were found (Fig. 1), 3 shells with holes in the lock, and 4 shell fragments (see table).

Grave 14. Two fragments of early pottery and a stone rod of a fishing hook were found in the filling (0.65 m deep). At the bottom of the grave was the skeleton of a child buried in an elongated position on his back, with his head on the ground. Some of the bones are rotten, the skull is crushed. On the left ulna and radius bones lay a tubular bone of an animal (tool?), under it - a beaver incisor. At the left shoulder

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Composition of the collection of clam shells

Burial number

Corbicula

Cardiidae. sp

Colletopterum sp.

Dentaliidae sp. (get through)

Undetectable debris

Total

C. ferganensis

C. tibetensis

Fragments

Shell fragments

Beads

With a hole in the lock

Without a hole in the lock

With a hole in the lock

Without a hole in the lock

3

2

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2

9

3

-

-

-

4

-

-

-

15

-

22

14

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

1

18

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

2

-

3

24

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

24

-

-

24

27

-

-

2

-

-

-

11

-

-

-

13

32

9

-

6

-

2

-

-

-

-

-

17

33

4

-

12

-

3

-

-

-

10

-

29

35

1

1

17

11

21

1

-

-

-

5

57

Total

19

1

37

11

30

1

12

25

27

5

168

Fig. 1. Dentalium shells. Mog. 9.

bones found outside a stone tool, possibly a whetstone. A fragment of a clam flap was found in the grave (see table).

Grave 18. At the bottom were incomplete skeletons of two adults and one child, buried in an elongated position on their backs, with their heads on the ground. The eastern skeleton was missing bones of the upper body, skull and shoulder bones, the western skeleton was preserved only bones of the legs and hands, the children's skeleton had no skull. The child was placed on top of the adult. His pelvis was located on the kneecaps of the western skeleton, and the tibia bones were located on the bones of his feet and below. No finds were found in this grave, and during the cleaning of the grave that violated it. 17 at a depth of 0.50 - 0.55 m, two bone spikes and a shell bead were found (see table), most likely originating from grave 18.

Grave 24. At the bottom were incomplete skeletons of an adult and a child: the first-along the south-eastern wall, the second - at the north-western one. The adult was laid in the grave in an extended position on his back, with his head on the CB, the child-to the right of him, with his head also on the CB, but apparently on his left side. From the child's skeleton, a crushed skull and part of the chest were preserved. The adult skeleton was missing the skull, bones of the left arm and radial hands of the right, the lower part of the chest, pelvis, both femurs, and the upper part of the right tibia was severed. Fragments of human bones, a fragment of a tool and disc-shaped shell beads were found in the filling of the grave (see table; Fig. 2). Shell fragments and a fragment of the same bead (Fig. 3) were found to the east of Grave 24 at a depth of 0.45 - 0.50 m. Most likely, they were thrown there during the construction of graves 19 and 25.

Grave 27. At the bottom was the lower part of an adult skeleton: the bones of the legs, pelvis, hands of both hands and a broken left radial. Apparently, the buried person was laid in an elongated position on his back, with his head on the ground. Fragments of a bone lining on the bow were found between the radius and the pelvis, a stone without treatment was found on the inner side of the head of the right femur, and a chip was found near the left kneecap. On the eastern edge of the grave, below the bottom, at a depth of 0.7 m, an adult skull was found, and next to it -

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Fig. 2. Disc-shaped beads from Colletopterum shells. Fig. 24.

3. Fragments of Colletopterum shells and a fragment of a disc-shaped bead from the same shell. Inter-grave space. Miscarriage from mog. 24 (?).

Fig. 4. Fragments of Colletopterum shells. Fig. 27.

5. Shells of Corbicula. Cog. 32.

11 shell fragments of Colletopterum sp. 4) and 2 Corbicula shells (see Table), which most likely were elements of headdress decoration.

Grave 32. At the bottom lay the skeleton of an adult man, buried in an elongated position on his back, with his head on the ground. The skull was tilted slightly to the left. 15 shells were found in the burial: one - on the temporal lobes of the skull, four - on the right and left of the lower jaw, one-below the shoulder blades, two-under the right shoulder blade, one-to the left of the lower vertebrae. Fragments of two more shells were found in the filling of the grave (see table, Fig. 5).

Grave 33. At the bottom of the grave were the skeletons of four adults and one child, buried in an elongated position on their backs, with their heads on the ground. The backbone of N1 lay along the south-eastern wall. The lower part of his ulna and radius bones were overlapped with the pelvic bones, and the bones of his hands were located on the femur bones. The skull is crushed. Between the shin bones lay the skeleton of an infant. To the left and right of the adult skull, two large curved canines of the animal were found, in the area of the shoulders and neck, as well as on the upper ribs - a necklace consisting of 16 small incisors of the animal. The skeleton of N2 (next on the NW) lay almost in the center of the grave. The bones of the left arm were stretched along the skeleton, the bones of the right were located on the pelvis. Around the skull and under it were found ten penetrations from the shells of shovel-footed mollusks, three fragments and nine whole bones.-

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Fig. 6. Fragments and whole shells of Corbicula and Dentalium. Fig. 33.

bivalve shells (see table; fig. 6), ten large curved canines of the animal, two more of the same - on both sides of the spine on the lower ribs, and near the cervical vertebrae, mainly on the right, - 18 small incisors of the animal. The next NW bones N3 and 4 were broken during the construction of the grave. 36. In N3, the hand bones were located on the pelvis, and the skull was missing. Skeleton No. 4 lay along the northwest wall. The skull and shoulder bones were missing. The upper part of the chest and spine were shifted to the NW. The bones of the hands were located on the pelvis. Among the ribs, 25 small incisors of the animal were found. Fragments of a skull were found above the bottom of the grave (at a depth of 0.5 m), and seven shells were found next to them (see Table; Fig. 6). Fragments of another skull were found at a depth of 0.25 m near the south-western wall of the grave, and broken abrasive was found at a depth of 0.35 m.

Grave 35. At the bottom was an incomplete skeleton of an adult buried in an elongated position on his back, legs facing south. The skull and upper vertebrae were missing. They were probably removed from the grave during the construction of the next one. 34. Judging by the appearance of the upper part of the skeleton, the dismemberment of the head could have occurred before the complete decomposition of soft tissues. The right arm of the buried man was bent at the elbow, her hand was on the pelvic bones; the left arm was stretched out along the body, her radius and ulna bones lay under the left half of the pelvis. All items found during the burial were concentrated in the area of the torso. On the right half, 57 whole and fragmented shells were found, including 18 with a hole in the top of the leaf (Fig. 7), 15 flakes and scales, 3 flakes with part-time work, 4 scrapers, and 3 arrowheads. Some stone products were embedded in sinks. Probably, the arrowhead found in pit 8, made of the same material as the products made from mog. 35 (siliceous shale), also belonged to the same set. On the left half, three stones were found without processing, lying on the inner side of the femur below the pelvis, at the lower part of the ulna and on the upper part of the pelvis; between the humerus and the ribs - a stone "iron", on the outer side of the same bone-four bone overlays on the bow and the lower jaw of a dog (?), below them are two animal incisors, two stone rods of fishing hooks, and two large cut bones.

7. Shells of Corbicula. Cog. 35.

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Shells of bivalve and shovel-footed mollusks in Eneolithic burials of the Tuzovsky Hills-1 burial ground

The examined collection consists of shells of bivalve and spadefoot mollusks. The taxonomic affiliation of the samples was determined based on the works of A. K. Alekseev [1963], Ya.I. Starobogatov and others [2004].

The largest number of bivalve shells belongs to the genus Corbicula (see table). They are divided into two groups. The first one is characterized by an oval or triangular-oval shape of the valves, wide, moderately or slightly protruding tops. The maximum leaf size is 21 x 27 mm. The lateral teeth of the lock are long (extending beyond the lock impressions), with numerous transverse teeth (Figure 8). The above-mentioned features, and especially the structure of the lock, bring the described shells closer to the species Corbicula ferghanensis Kurs.et al., whose modern range covers the Amu Darya and Syr Darya basins (Kantor and Sysoev, 2005). The shells of the second group have a triangular-oval shape, narrow, strongly protruding tops and shorter lateral teeth, which indicates a similarity with the species Corbicula tibetensis Prash. Currently widespread in the mountainous regions of Central Asia, Eastern Kazakhstan, and the Syr Darya basin [Ibid.]. Some of the samples, due to poor preservation, could only be determined up to the genus. The age of the corbicle shells found is difficult to determine. Some of them were probably collected by humans already in the fossil or semi-excavated state, as they bear traces of wave pelletizing and corrosion (Fig. 9); on others, the surface sculpture and the remains of the periostracal (color) layer are preserved.

In all probability, no mollusks of the genus Corbicula lived on the territory of the Altai Territory in historical times. Fossils of corbicula are not uncommon in Siberia, but they all belong to forms close to Corbicula fluminalis Mull. [Lyadzhina, 1969; Maloletko, 1969a, b]. Numerous localities of other species are known in Kazakhstan and Central Asia (Korobkov, 1954).

The described collection also contains a significant number of fragments of large toothless shells. They are untreated fragments (see Fig. 4) or disc-shaped beads (see Figure 2). These fragments contain well-preserved mother-of-pearl and periostracal layers, i.e. the shells are not fossilized. Given the thickness and relatively smooth outer surface of the valves, it is highly likely that they can be attributed to the genus Colletopterum.

8. Shell of Corbicula ferghanensis Kurs. et Star. Could. 33.

9. Fossil Corbicula shell with traces of wave pelletizing and corrosion. Could. 35.

10. Shell of Cardiidae sp. (marine fossil species). Could. 35.

11. Dentalium shell with preserved growth line. Could. 9.

12. A Dentalium shell with the upper edge of the siphonal fissure visible on the left. Fig. 9.

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Mollusks of this genus are now widely distributed in the Ob basin (Starobogatov et al., 2004; Kantor and Sysoev, 2005).

Among bivalves, Cardiidae sp. is also represented. - marine, probably a fossil species (Fig. 10).

The most interesting finds are fossil shells of marine shovel-footed mollusks close to the genus Dentalium (class Scaphopoda, fam. Dentaliidae). They look like slightly curved tubes with a porcelain-like surface, tapering to the front end. On some specimens, the growth lines located at a certain angle to the shell axis are preserved (Fig. 11). In some specimens, the upper edge of the siphonal fissure is visible (Fig.12). In the Altai Territory, the shells of these mollusks are not known, moreover, there are not even such deposits where they could meet. Therefore, we can say with a high degree of confidence that these shells were brought by people from another region. The closest localities of dentaliid fossils to the Altai are located in the Aral Sea region (Alekseev, 1963).

Shells of bivalve and shovel-footed mollusks in Neolithic - Eneolithic funerary complexes of Altai and adjacent territories

It should be noted at once that publications usually do not contain specific definitions of Corbicula shells and they appear under various names: "toothed shells" (Kiryushin, Kungurova, Kadikov, 2000, p. 13), "leaf of a large shell" (Kungurova, 2003, p. 33), "river shells"(Kiryushin, Kungurova, Kadikov, 2000, p. 13). [Kungurova, 2005, figures 30, 31]. Based on the images of shells given in the works, we all refer them to the genus Corbicula.

Two pendants of corbicula leaves were found in border 8 of the Ust-Isha burial ground (Kiryushin, Kungurova, and Kadikov, 2000, pp. 12-13, Fig. In the grave, the skeleton of a 25 - 30-year-old man was found with a rich accompanying inventory, various ornaments made of beads, bone stripes, animal teeth pendants. The burial description states that "two shell-toothed flaps" were located "in the upper part of the femur bones" [Ibid.].

Three valves of Corbicula mollusks were found in border 1 of the Solontsy-5 burial ground (Kungurova, 2003, p. 33). Skeletons of a 35-40 - year-old man and a one-and-a-half-year-old child were found in the grave with a rich accompanying inventory, various ornaments made of animal teeth and bone stripes. The description of the burial indicates that "at the junction of the right hip and pelvis lay a large shell flap, two more of the same were located in the center of the lower part of the chest and at the left shoulder joint (apparently originally on the chest)" [Ibid.]. A radiocarbon date of 5325 ± 45 BP (SOAN-4628) was obtained for this grave (Kungurova, 2005, p. 57).

Thus, jewelry made from Corbicula shells is a rare category of accompanying equipment in the Altai territory. There is a certain trend: they are found in the burials of adult men, who are distinguished by a rich accompanying inventory. It is possible that these ornaments testified to the special social status of a person. Truncated-conical pronizi from Dentalium shells in the Altai are found only in the burials of the Tuzovsky Hillocks-1 burial ground.

In search of the tradition of making jewelry from the shells of Corbicula and Dentalium mollusks, we turned to materials from Eastern Siberia. Items made from the flaps of Colletopterum mollusks are widely represented in the funerary complexes of Angara (Okladnikov, 1974, 1975), but there are no ornaments made from the shells of shovel-footed mollusks.

It is not always possible to determine the species belonging of shells from publications, but it seems that in the burial of the Menovnoye XI burial ground (Upper Irtysh region), the "shell pendant amulet" (Tkachev, 2001, pp. 112-113) is made of the leaf of the Corbicula mollusk.

Various shell ornaments are found in the materials of the Sopka-2 burial ground on the Omi River (Molodin, 2001). In border 67 of the Neolithic complex (Sopka-2/1), a pendant made of pearl barley shell leaves was found [Ibid., Fig. 6, 2; p. 22], and in border 643 of the Early Metal age complex (Sopka-2/2, common with comb-pit ceramics), two pendants made of Idionoma sp.shells were found. and Anodonta sp. 14, 35, 36; p. 37]. In this paper by V. I. Molodin, probably due to typos, there are discrepancies in the names of the same mollusk taxa: "Idionoma sp." and " Idiopota sp."," Glycymeris sp. "and" Glycyteris sp."," Dentaliidal " instead of Dentaliidae.

The definitions made by V. S. Zykin indicate that the shells of Anodonta sp. They are quite widespread in lake and river sediments of Western Siberia, originating from Quaternary sediments (in particular, the Omi and Irtysh Rivers), and the shells of Idionoma sp. They are found only on the Irtysh towpath (approximately from Omsk to the village of Chernoluchye) [Ibid.]. V. I. Molodin notes that pendants from the leaves of the shells Idionoma sp. and Anodonta sp. They provide important information, clearly indicating "the direction of contacts, as well as, apparently, the origin of the carriers of the culture itself, which tends to the Irtysh basin" [Ibid.]. Thus, these findings are used to reconstruct ethno-cultural processes in the Early Metal age on the territory of the Russian Federation.

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Western Siberia. In the materials of the burial complex of this epoch-the Sopka-2/3 burial mound and the Sopka-2/3 a ground burial ground (Ust-Tartass culture) - more than 40 shell products were found [Ibid., p. 102]. The pendants were made from the shells of bivalve mollusks Corbicula tibetensis Prash., Anodonta sp., Idionoma sp., Glycymeris sp. (marine), and tubular shells of shovel-footed mollusks of the class Scaphopoda, sem. Dentaliidae [Ibid.]. According to V. I. Molodin, the data obtained indicate "indubitable indirect connections of Siberians with the Central Asian region, which, most likely, was carried out through contacts with carriers of the Ust-Narym and Botai cultures, whose representatives lived in the area of modern Eastern and Northern Kazakhstan" [Ibid., p. 116].

Pendants made of toothless leaves, Cardium shells, and fossil mollusks are presented in the materials of the Kozhai-1 settlement (Kalieva and Logvin, 1997, p. 70). This monument of the Turgai trough is attributed by the authors to the Tersek Eneolithic culture, which they date to the second third of the III-beginning of the II millennium BC [Ibid., p. 124].

Ornaments made from shellfish shells are found in the materials of the Tumek-Kichijik burial ground in the Southern Aral Sea region. In four burials, 56 truncated-conic pronises were found from the shells of Dentalium sp., Dentalium antalis, and D. fustiaria (Vinogradov, Itina, and Yablonsky, 1986, p. 4). 15, 16, 18, 19, 42]. A pendant made of Mactra vitaliana Orb leaf was found in one grave. (which was used similarly to Corbicula leaves) [Ibid., p. 19]. However, judging by the published image of this suspension, it is impossible to say unequivocally which genus the shell belongs to: Mactra or Corbicula. Sash beads from Didacna sp. They were found in three burials and during surface cleaning in the area of one grave [Ibid., pp. 20, 30, 50, 56]. Shell fragments of Anodonta mollusks were found in nine burials [Ibid., p. 16, 26, 27, 29, 32, 33, 36, 41, 46]. The authors note that " penetrations from Dentalium shells are found on monuments of all three stages of the Celteminar culture. Disk-shaped beads made of Didacna leaves are typical of sites in the Caspian region, Uzboy, Ustyurt and lower reaches of the Amu Darya, dating from the end of the fifth to the end of the third millennia BC.E." [Ibid., p. 69]. Outside of Central Asia, truncated-conical pierces made of Dentalium shells and Corbicula leaf pendants are extremely rare in Neolithic and Early Bronze Age funerary complexes in Eastern Kazakhstan and Western Siberia.

The closest analogs of objects from the collection under consideration are found in the materials of the Sopka-2 burial ground on the Omi River (Molodin, 2001). There are no radiocarbon dates for the Tuzovsky Bugry-1 monument yet, but most likely the Eneolithic - Early Bronze Age burials will be synchronous to the Early metal age complexes Sopka-2/2, 3 and 3a. Following V. I. Molodin, we believe that the presence of sea shells and tubules of marine mollusks indicates the connection of Siberians with the Central Asian region [Ibid., p. 116]. The nature of these links, in our opinion, is problematic to establish. We can agree with V. I. Molodin, who believes that, most likely, they were carried out "through contacts with carriers of the Ust-Narym and Botai cultures" [Ibid.], but migration to the Altai from the regions of Central Asia or Eastern Kazakhstan cannot be excluded.

Products made from Dentalium shells in collections from Altai burial complexes are an extremely rare, but very expressive category of finds that allows us to reconstruct ethno-cultural processes in the South of Western Siberia during the Eneolithic era. Corbicula leaf suspensions are more common. In the burial complexes of Altai, such finds have been found in isolated cases since the middle of the IV millennium BC (Kungurova, 2005, p. 57). It is difficult to say how widespread and stable this tradition is. Corbicula ferghanensis Kurs shells were found in the Tuzovsky Hills-1 burial ground. et al., and Corbicula tibetensis Prash., currently found in mountainous regions of Central Asia, Eastern Kazakhstan, and the Amu Darya and Syr Darya basins (Kantor and Sysoev, 2005), and shells collected by humans already in the fossil or semi-fossil state (show traces of wave pelletizing and corrosion). It can be assumed that the tradition of making jewelry from shellsCorbicula was introduced to the Altai by migrants from Central Asia or Eastern Kazakhstan; in the absence of the necessary raw materials, they were replaced (if some of the ornaments were broken or lost) by local fossil shells that were smaller in size.

Conclusion

The presence in the burials of the Tuzovsky Hillocks-1 burial ground of truncated-conical penetrations made of Dentalium shells and Corbicula leaf suspensions indicates the connection of the Altai population with the Central Asian region. They may have been carried out through contacts with native Ust-Narym and Botai cultures, or they may have been the result of migration to the Altai from Central Asia or Eastern Kazakhstan. The weak knowledge of the Late Neolithic - Eneolithic period in the region and the presence of many controversial issues and problems speak in favor of continuing excavations at the Tuzovsky Bugry-1 monument.

page 44
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Vinogradov A.V., Itina M. A., Yablonsky L. T. The oldest population of the lower reaches of the Amu Darya: An archaeological and paleoanthropological study. - Moscow: Nauka, 1986. - 200 p. - (Tr. Khorezm, archeol. - ethnogr. expeditions; vol. 15).

Turina N. N. Olenostrovskoy mogilnik [Olenostrovskoy burial ground], Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1956, 430 p. (MIA; N47).

Kalyaeva S. S., Logvin V. N. Cattle breeders of Turgai in the third millennium BC. - Kostanay: Ministry of Science of the ANRK, 1997. - 180 p.

Kantor Yu. I., Sysoev A.V. Catalog of mollusks of Russia and adjacent countries, Moscow: Tovar nauch. izd. KMK, 2005. - 627 p.

Kiryushin Yu. F., Kungurova N. Yu., Kadikov B. Kh. The oldest burial grounds of the northern foothills of Altai. Barnaul: Alt State University Publ., 2000, 116 p. (in Russian)

Korobkov N. A. Spravochnik i metodicheskoe rukovodstvo po tretichnykh molluskam: Plastinchatozhabernye [Handbook and methodological guide to tertiary mollusks: Plate-gilled], Gostoptekhizdat Publ., 1954, 444 p.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 21.12.09.

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